SPOKEN ENGLISH : Parts of Speech in English & their function in a sentence.
1. Noun
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Types of Nouns:
- Common Noun: General names (e.g., girl, city, book)
- Proper Noun: Specific names (e.g., Sarah, Paris, The Bible)
- Abstract Noun: Ideas or qualities (e.g., happiness, freedom)
- Concrete Noun: Things experienced by senses (e.g., apple, table)
- Collective Noun: Groups (e.g., team, family, herd)
Examples:
- Common: "The dog is barking."
- Proper: "London is a big city."
- Abstract: "She has great courage."
- Collective: "The jury made its decision."
Usage:
- Nouns can act as the subject or object of a sentence.
Common Errors:
- Incorrect: "I have two childs."
- Correct: "I have two children."
Practice Exercise:
- Underline the noun in the sentence: "The cat is under the table."
- Answer: cat, table
2. Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.
Types of Pronouns:
- Personal Pronoun: Refers to a specific person (e.g., I, you, he, she)
- Possessive Pronoun: Shows ownership (e.g., mine, yours, theirs)
- Relative Pronoun: Introduces clauses (e.g., who, which, that)
- Reflexive Pronoun: Reflects back to the subject (e.g., myself, yourself)
- Demonstrative Pronoun: Points to something (e.g., this, that, these)
Examples:
- Personal: "He is my brother."
- Possessive: "That book is hers."
- Relative: "The man who called is my father."
- Reflexive: "I did it myself."
Usage:
- Pronouns are used to avoid repeating nouns in sentences.
Common Errors:
- Incorrect: "Me and him went to the park."
- Correct: "He and I went to the park."
Practice Exercise:
- Replace the noun with a pronoun: "Sarah loves Sarah's cat."
- Answer: "She loves her cat."
3. Verb
A verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being.
Types of Verbs:
- Action Verb: Describes an action (e.g., run, jump, eat)
- Linking Verb: Connects the subject to more information (e.g., is, seem, become)
- Auxiliary Verb: Helps the main verb (e.g., have, do, will)
Examples:
- Action: "She drives a car."
- Linking: "He is happy."
- Auxiliary: "I am going to school."
Usage:
- Verbs indicate what the subject is doing or being.
Common Errors:
- Incorrect: "She go to school every day."
- Correct: "She goes to school every day."
Practice Exercise:
- Identify the verb: "They are playing soccer."
- Answer: are playing
4. Adjective
An adjective describes or modifies a noun or pronoun.
Types of Adjectives:
- Descriptive Adjective: Describes quality (e.g., big, red, fast)
- Quantitative Adjective: Shows quantity (e.g., few, many, some)
- Demonstrative Adjective: Points out a specific noun (e.g., this, that)
- Possessive Adjective: Shows possession (e.g., my, your, their)
Examples:
- Descriptive: "The blue sky is beautiful."
- Quantitative: "She has three apples."
- Demonstrative: "This book is interesting."
Usage:
- Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns by giving more detail.
Common Errors:
- Incorrect: "She is more smarter than him."
- Correct: "She is smarter than him."
Practice Exercise:
- Identify the adjective: "The tall man is my teacher."
- Answer: tall
5. Adverb
An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It often answers how, when, where, or to what extent.
Types of Adverbs:
- Manner: Describes how an action is performed (e.g., quickly, slowly)
- Time: Describes when an action happens (e.g., yesterday, now, soon)
- Place: Describes where an action happens (e.g., here, there, everywhere)
- Frequency: Describes how often an action happens (e.g., always, never, often)
Examples:
- Manner: "She speaks softly."
- Time: "He arrived yesterday."
- Place: "They are playing outside."
- Frequency: "She always reads before bed."
Usage:
- Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, giving more information.
Common Errors:
- Incorrect: "He ran quick."
- Correct: "He ran quickly."
Practice Exercise:
- Identify the adverb: "He ran fast in the race."
- Answer: fast
6. Preposition
A preposition shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence.
Common Prepositions:
- in, on, at, by, with, about, for, under, between, through, etc.
Examples:
- "The book is on the table."
- "She is walking with her dog."
Usage:
- Prepositions are used to indicate direction, place, time, and relationships.
Common Errors:
- Incorrect: "He is married with her."
- Correct: "He is married to her."
Practice Exercise:
- Choose the correct preposition: "The pen is ___ the drawer."
- Answer: in
7. Conjunction
A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses.
Types of Conjunctions:
- Coordinating Conjunctions: Join words or clauses of equal importance (e.g., and, but, or)
- Subordinating Conjunctions: Introduce dependent clauses (e.g., because, although, if)
- Correlative Conjunctions: Work in pairs (e.g., either/or, neither/nor)
Examples:
- Coordinating: "I like tea and coffee."
- Subordinating: "She left early because she was tired."
- Correlative: "Neither John nor Peter was at the party."
Usage:
- Conjunctions connect ideas and help create complex sentences.
Common Errors:
- Incorrect: "I want to go, but I am tired."
- Correct: "I want to go, but I am too tired."
Practice Exercise:
- Fill in the conjunction: "I want to go ___ I am tired."
- Answer: but
8. Interjection
An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses emotion or exclamation.
Examples:
- "Wow! That’s amazing."
- "Oops! I dropped the cup."
- "Oh no! The cake is ruined."
Usage:
- Interjections are used to convey strong emotion or reaction.
Common Errors:
- Incorrect: "Hey are you coming?"
- Correct: "Hey! Are you coming?"
Practice Exercise:
- Identify the interjection: "Oh! I forgot my keys."
- Answer: Oh
Practice Exercise with Answers:
Underline the noun: "The students are reading books."
- Answer: students, books
Choose the correct pronoun: "John and ___ are going to the park."
- Answer: I
Identify the verb: "They were dancing all night."
- Answer: were dancing
Fill in the adjective: "The ___ cat sat on the mat." (Choose: small, quickly)
- Answer: small
Choose the correct adverb: "He sings ___. (Choose: beautiful, beautifully)"
- Answer: beautifully
Fill in the preposition: "The book is ___ the shelf." (Choose: on, under)
- Answer: on
Identify the conjunction: "I like tea and coffee."
- Answer: and
Choose the interjection: "___! I missed the bus." (Choose: Oops, Slowly)
- Answer: Oops
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