TRB POLY Aristotle: Poetics

Aristotle: Poetics
 Aristotle lays out six elements of tragedy: plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle, and
song.
 Plot is 'the soul' of tragedy, because action is paramount to the significance of a drama,
and all other elements are subsidiary.
o A plot must have a beginning, middle, and end; it must also be universal in
significance, have a determinate structure, and maintain a unity of theme and
purpose.

 Plot also must contain elements of astonishment, reversal (peripeteia), recognition, and
suffering
o Reversal is an ironic twist or change by which the main action of the story comes
full-circle.
o Recognition, meanwhile, is the change from ignorance to knowledge, usually
involving people coming to understand one another's true identities.
o Suffering is a destructive or painful action, which is often the result of a reversal
or recognition.
o All three elements coalesce (combine) to create "catharsis," which is the
engenderment of fear and pity in the audience: pity for the tragic hero's plight,
and fear that his fate might befall us.

 When it comes to character, a poet should aim for four things.
o First, the hero must be 'good,' and thus manifest moral purpose in his speech.
o Second, the hero must have propriety, or 'manly valor.'
o Thirdly, the hero must be 'true to life.' And
o finally, the hero must be consistent.
 Tragedy and Epic poetry fall into the same categories:
o Simple, complex (driven by reversal and recognition), ethical (moral) or pathetic
(passion).

 There are a few differences between tragedy and epic, however.
o First, an epic poem does not use song or spectacle to achieve its cathartic effect.
o Second, epics often cannot be presented at a single sitting, whereas tragedies are
usually able to be seen in a single viewing.
o Finally, the 'heroic measure' of epic poetry is hexameter, where tragedy often
uses other forms of meter to achieve the rhythms of different characters' speech.
 Aristotle also lays out the elements of successful imitation.
o The poet must imitate either thing as they are, things as they are thought to be, or
things as they ought to be.
o The poet must also imitate in action and language (preferably metaphors or
contemporary words). Errors come when the poet imitates incorrectly - and thus
destroys the essence of the poem - or when the poet accidentally makes an error
(a factual error, for instance).
o Aristotle does not believe that factual errors sabotage (destroy, damage) the
entire work; errors that limit or compromise the unity of a given work, however,
are much more consequential.

 Aristotle concludes by tackling the question of whether the epic or tragic form is 'higher.'
Most critics of his time argued that tragedy was for an inferior audience that required the
gesture of performers, while epic poetry was for a 'cultivated audience' which could filter
a narrative form through their own imaginations.
 In reply, Aristotle notes that epic recitation can be marred (spoil) by overdone
gesticulation in the same way as a tragedy; moreover, tragedy, like poetry, can produce
its effect without action - its power is in the mere reading.
 Aristotle argues that tragedy is, in fact, superior to epic, because it has all the epic
elements as well as spectacle and music to provide an indulgent pleasure for the
audience. Tragedy, then, despite the arguments of other critics, is the higher art for
Aristotle.
 Executive Summary of Poetics by Aristotle
 1/ the concept of “mimesis”, which refers to the ability that man to  imitate what is
other than himself, and get pleasure (ch. 1-4);
 2/ the concept of “catharsis”, which refers to a hypothetical process by which we would
be purged of passion that you see represented in the work of art (ch. 14);
 3/ the concept of unity of action, which will open up in the classical theorists, including
in Boileau, in his Poetics. (ch. 7-8)
 4/ It can also be found in chapters 20-21 the first outlines of a linguistic reflection.
 “Poetics” here refers to the idea of ​​manufacturing development (poiesis, Poieni).
Aristotle attempts to define in this book all the compositional rules, thematic and
discursive presiding over the merits of literary texts. The literature is thus indexed to
the order of purely human achievement: it is thus, in the language of Marxism, a
“superstructure” as it is superimposed to the real. In no case means a poetic sense of
the word “poetic” derived from the term “poetry” genre, not literary mode of
production. Therefore a “poetic art” means a work that describes how to write and
create works, not just poetic works-in this case, the lyric is excluded from Aristotle’s
Poetics.

Summary of Poetics per chapter:
Chapter I
• Aristotle defined the purpose of poetry is imitation (mimesis).
Chapter II
• The purpose of this imitation is the painting of humanity in good and evil. The paint will
cover the good people of merit, the virtues of superior men. Its kind is the tragedy. Painting
mistreated poor people and their vices. Its kind is the laughable and the ugly: the comedy.
Chapter III
• Aristotle says that there are two ways of telling:
story.1. “You can imitate by telling” a) “by the mouth of another” (as Homer [= extradiegetic
narrator]), b) “we keep her personality” [= intradiegetic narrator]
Theatre.2. “You can imitate all the characters with all the characters as acting, as in act”
Chapter IV

• The “poetry” (as the literary production) is a procedure based on imitation and differentiates
humans and animals.
Chapter V
• Aristotle described the epic, tragedy and comedy (not our actual lyric). The epic is a story he
said “not limited in time” while the tragedy should last as long as “a revolution of the sun”, or
one day.
Chapter VI
• The tragedy is precisely defined as “the imitation of an action of high character and
complete a certain extent, in a language statement seasoning of a particular species according
to the various parties, imitation that is made by characters in action, not a story, and, arousing
pity and fear, operates purgation [catharsis] specific to such emotions. ”
• This imitation of the action is “history” (arrangement of the facts) of the “characters” (what is
said of the characters in action. This concept goes with Diderot and the passage of “character”
than “condition” ) The “character” is defined in Chapter XV.
Chapter VII
• The story (mythos, the “myth”, the “story”) must be ordered. Tragedy is an imitation of an
action (mimesis praxeos) brought to an end and must be fully complied with. It should be a
good start, a good knot, a good end.
Chapter VIII
• Aristotle calls a “unit of imitation” (the story is a completely unchangeable, that’s what we
would call today the “global economy” of history).
Chapter IX
• The historian is opposed to the poet (the poet referring to any writer). The historian tells
Recent events and the individual is interested as well. The poet evokes what could happen and
does the general.
Chapter X
• The “single action” does not include recognition or episode.
• “complex action” combines these two processes. (“Recognition” and “episode” are further
defined in Chapter XI). Tragedy is the best one with a complex action (Chapter XIII).
Chapter XI
• Aristotle then defines the two sentiments conveyed by the tragedy: pity and terror (these
feelings can, for purification or catharsis, to identify with characters out of himself by
releasing the emotional responses suggested by the performance.
• Aristotle also details the following concepts:
– “Episode”, “the reversal of the action in the opposite direction, depending on what was said”
– “Recognition”, so dear to the theater diderotien “passage from ignorance to knowledge.” All
awards are described in Chapter XVI.
– “Event pathetic”, “action which causes destruction or suffering” (injury, agony …)
Chapter XII
• This chapter explains the parts of tragedy (prologue, episode, exodus …)
Chapter XIII
• Aristotle describes the pitfalls to avoid in the composition of the stories (just a man too must
not slide freely in misfortune, an evil man does not know the happiness, etc.).
Chapter XIV

• This chapter is about the “arrangement of situations” (today called the “knotting” of the
situation, the “arrangement of situations” carries the unit of imitation discussed in Chapter
VIII .
Chapter XV
• lists the four criteria required of a “character”: (1) goodness in the actions and words, (2) the
adequacy of the character represented the character (a woman is feminine, a manly man …)
This criterion is behavioral, (3) the similarity of the character model (appearance), (4) the
consistency of character imitated in the unfolding of the tragedy.
Chapter XVI
• Aristotle lists four types of recognition: (1) by external signs, (2) by the will of the poet
(prophetic words of choice), (3) by the memory of the character or the public, (4) by deducting
the public .
Chapter XVII
• According to Aristotle, the situations should be as present as possible under the eyes, and
gestures to accompany the words
Chapter XVIII
• Two concepts are developed:
-Node: the beginning until the last moment which carries a “turnaround”.
-The outcome: the beginning of the shift until the end of happy or unhappy.
Chapter XIX
• Here Aristotle refuses to be interested in thought and speech, as his treatise is rather
poetical style.
Chapter XX
• The considerations of this chapter refer to the pronunciation and the sound value of the
signifier in the discourse of the characters.
Chapter XXI
• This chapter is a small onomastic Treaty where there are few elements in the rhetoric the
same author, including the “analogy” and the “metaphor”.
Chapter XXII
• This chapter discusses the appropriateness of common names and vocabulary in the
tragedy.
Chapter XXIII
• Aristotle returns to the epic who must obey the same rules of composition the tragedy, by
departing from it in that imitated the action is longer (see also Chapter XXIV), but not like a
historical narrative.
Chapter XXIV
•-The epic must contain the same characters and the same species as Tragedy (simple and
complex, as described in Chapter X).
-The poet must be silent because the presence in the text of his personality can affect
imitation.
The epic poet-up to the irrational in his story, and this much more than the tragic poet.
Chapter XXV
• This chapter is the probable. Aristotle analyzes the patterns of acceptability of the shares
represented in the epic. Some things exist or have existed, and then things allegedly existing
at last things that should be. By playing these modes, the poet can avoid criticism. Similarly it

can find an interest in serving his purpose he will use metaphors, the words “evil” appropriate
and possible contradictions in its history.
Chapter XXVI
• To Aristotle, tragedy is superior to epic
Quiz
1. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of poetry?
 It uses language
 It uses rhythm
 It is written in verse
 It uses harmony
2. Which of the following contains a mix of direct and indirect narrative?
 Tragedy
 Comedy
 Homeric epic
 Dithyrambic poetry
3. Which of the following is not "art" in the Greek sense of the word?
 Tragedy
 A spear
 A table
 A peacock's feather
4. Which of the following is NOT a reason for why we like imitations?
 We learn from imitations
 Imitations exercise our reason
 We are not repelled by imitations of things we would normally find repellent
 There is a sense of safety in not having to deal with reality
5. Which of the following was the last to evolve?
 Tragedy
 Dithyramb
 Epic poetry
 Invective
6. Which of the following is not one of the "three unities"?
 Unity of action
 Unity of character
 Unity of place
 Unity of time
7. Which is the only unity that Aristotle insists upon?
 Unity of action
 Unity of character
 Unity of place
 Unity of time
8. Which of the following is the most important?
 Character

 Diction
 Plot
 Harmony
9. Which of the following is the least important?
 Character
 Plot
 Thought
 Spectacle
10. Which of the following is NOT a part of Aristotle's definition of tragedy?
 It arouses pity and fear
 It has an unhappy ending
 It involves mimesis
 It is performed rather than narrated
11. Which of the following genres has the same plot structure as tragedy?
 Epic poetry
 History
 Biography
 Episodic storytelling
12. Which of the following has an episodic structure?
 Biography
 History
 Both
 Neither
13. A complex plot must contain:
 Peripeteia
 Anagnorisis
 Both
 Either
14. Which of the following is NOT necessary to all tragedies?
 Exode
 Commos
 Parode
 Episode
15. Which is the best kind of tragic plot?
 A harmful deed is done knowingly
 A harmful deed is done in ignorance
 A harmful deed is avoided knowingly
 A harmful deed is premeditated in ignorance, but a discovery helps prevent it
16. Which is the worst kind of tragic plot?
 A harmful deed is done knowingly
 A harmful deed is done in ignorance
 A harmful deed is avoided knowingly
 A harmful deed is premeditated in ignorance, but a discovery helps prevent it

17. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a tragic hero?
 The hero must be good
 The hero must be male
 The hero's character must be consistent
 The hero must be of high social status
18. Which is the worst kind of anagnorisis?
 Recognition by means of signs or marks
 Recognition prompted by memory
 Recognition through deductive reasoning
 Recognition that arises through the structure of the plot
19. Which is the best kind of anagnorisis?
 Recognition by means of signs or marks
 Recognition prompted by memory
 Recognition through deductive reasoning
 Recognition that arises through the structure of the plot
20. Which of the following is not within the domain of thought?
 Exciting emotion with a powerful speech
 Exhibiting shyness through hunched posture
 Persuading someone by means of logic
 Blowing a problem out of proportion by means of exaggeration
21. Which of the following is not a metaphor?
 "That's as likely as a cold day in July"
 "Juliet is the sun"
 "I'm a race car in the red"
 "My love is a red, red rose."
22. Which of the following is not a feature of epic poetry?
 Unity of plot
 A noble hero
 Iambic meter
 It is narrated
23. Which of the following is NOT true of epic poetry?
 It's longer than tragedy
 It can portray more isolated incidents than tragedy
 It can get away with presenting less probable events than those presented in
tragedy
 It is a more impressive spectacle than watching tragedy
24. Which of the following is not an acceptable reason for including impossible or
improbable events in a poem?
 The poet is portraying things as the ought to be, not as they are
 The poet is portraying things according to public opinion
 They are necessary to make the plot work
 They add to the astonishment and excitement of the story

25. Which of the following is NOT a reason given by Aristotle to prefer tragedy over epic
poetry?
 Exaggerated gestures can add something in performance
 Tragedy contains music and spectacle
 There is more unity in tragedy
 Tragedy shorter and more compact is

1Which is not something Aristotle says he will address in the Poetics?
 THE STRUCTURE NECESSARY FOR A GOOD POEM
 THE REVISION PROCESS FOR POETRY
 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF POETRY
 THE METHOD IN WHICH A POEM IS DIVIDED INTO PARTS

2What does Aristotle mean by imitation?
 MIMICRY OF LANGUAGE
 REPRESENTATION OF LIFE
 REPRESENTATION OF DEATH
 MIMICRY OF SOUND

3Which is not included in the definition of poetry?

 ESSAY
 MUSIC
 COMEDY
 TRAGEDY

4Which is not included in poetry's imitation?

 INSTINCT
 HARMONY
 RHYTHM
 LANGUAGE
5What does 'dramitas' mean?

 DRAMA OF LANGUAGE
 DRAMA OF MUSIC
 DRAMA OF DANCING
 DRAMA OF ACTION

6Tragedy presents men...

 AS THEY OUGHT TO BE
 WORSE THAN THEY ARE
 AS THEY ARE
 BETTER THAN THEY ARE

7Comedy presents men...

 AS THEY OUGHT TO BE
 BETTER THEN THEY ARE
 WORSE THAN THEY ARE
 AS THEY ARE
8Epic presents men...
 AS THEY ARE

 BETTER THAN THEY ARE
 AS THEY OUGHT TO BE
 WORSE THAN THEY ARE

9According to Aristotle, Homer tends to present men...

 WORSE THEN THEY ARE
 AS THEY OUGHT TO BE
 AS THEY ARE
 BETTER THEN THEY ARE
10Which is not a form of imitative narration?

 FIRST-PERSON 'I'
 THIRD-PERSON NARRATOR
 SECOND-PERSON NARRATOR ('YOU')
 FIRST-PERSON OMNISCIENT 'I'
11What is one of the reasons poetry emerged?
 THE RISE OF COURT MUSIC
 THE INSTINCT FOR DANCE
 MAN'S INSTINCT FOR IMITATION
 THE NECESSITY FOR PUBLIC ENTERTAINMENT

12What does poetry tend to imitate, according to Aristotle?

 NOBLE MEN AND 'BAD' MEN
 'NATURE' IN ALL FORMS
 EPIC GRIEF
 DANCE AND MUSIC

13What genre began with the imitation of 'meaner men'?

 COMEDY
 DRAMA
 TRAGEDY
 EPIC

14Which genre was at first not taken seriously?

 EPIC
 COMEDY
 TRAGEDY
 DRAMA

15Fill in the blank: All the elements of [x] are found in tragedy, but not all the elements of [x]
are found in [x]
 EPIC
 DRAMA
 COMEDY
 MUSIC

16Which is not a component of tragedy?

 CHARACTER
 NARRATIVE FORM
 THOUGHT
 PLOT

17What by definition is serious, complete, and of a significant magnitude?

 EPIC
 TRAGEDY
 DRAMA
 COMEDY

18What comprises the arrangement of incidents that result from character and thought giving
way to action?

 THOUGHT
 CHARACTER
 PLOT
 DICTION

19Complication and denouement are two elements of...

 THOUGHT
 PLOT
 CHARACTER
 SPEECH

20What does Aristotle mean by dictoin?

 SONG
 DICTION
 GRIEF
 RHYTHMIC LANGUAGE

21According to Aristotle, what is the most important element of tragedy?

 PLOT
 COMEDY
 THOUGHT
 CHARACTER

22What is the least important element of a tragedy?

 SPECTACLE
 PLOT
 DICTION
 SONG
23Tragedy relies on...
 PITY
 ACTION
 CHARACTER
 NARRATIVE

24What is the term for a purgation of pity and fear in the audience?

 SPECTACLE
 DRAMA
 IMITATION
 CATHARSIS

25What is the term for the qualities ascribed to a certain men?

 SONG

 SPECTACLE
 CHARACTER
 DICTION
Aristotle Quiz Questions with Answers
1. When did Aristotle live?
a) 384-322 BC
2. Where was Aristotle born?
c) Stagira
3. Which philosopher was Aristotle’s master?
d) Plato
4. Which pupil of Aristotle became a conqueror?
c) Alexander
5. How was the school founded by Aristotle known?
b) Lyceum
6. How were Aristotle’s students known?
a) Peripatetics
7. What was the word used by Aristotle for anarchic mob rule?
c) Democracy
8. Which book contains Aristotle’s research in zoology and marine biology?
a) The History of Animals
9. What did Aristotle call metaphysics?
b) First philosophy
10. Where did Aristotle die?
d) Chalcis

Ezra Pound: The ABC of Reading
 ABC of Reading is a book by Ezra Pound published in 1934
 In it, Pound sets out an approach by which one may come to appreciate and understand
literature (focusing primarily on poetry).
 The work begins with the "Parable of the sunfish", ends with a collection of English
poetry that Pound called Exhibits and along the way contains several mantras:
 "Literature is language charged with meaning: Great literature is simply charged with
meaning to the utmost degree" - to be achieved by three main ways:
o phanopoeia – throwing the object (fixed or moving) on to the visual imagination.
o melopoeia – inducing emotional correlations by sound and rhythm of the speech.
o logopoeia – inducing 1 & 2 by stimulating associations with other word/word
groups.

 "Literature is news that stays news".
 "Music rots when it gets too far from the dance. Poetry atrophies when it gets too far
from music."

 "I've never read half a page of Homer without finding melodic invention."
 "Without the foregoing minimum of poetry in other languages you simply will not know
where English poetry comes."
 "From Chaucer you can learn whatever came over into the earliest English that one can
read without a dictionary."
 "Artists are the antennae of the race."
 "Man can learn more about poetry by really knowing and examining a few of the best
poems than by meandering about among a great many."
 "One of the pleasures of middle age is to find out that one was right, and that one was
much brighter than one knew at say seventeen or twenty-three."
 "The honest critic must be content to find a very little contemporary work worth serious
attention; but he must be ready to recognize that little..."
 "There are three types of melopoeia, i.e. verse made to sing; to chant/intone; and to
speak. The older one gets the more one believes in the first. One reads prose for the
subject matter."

Wayne C. Booth: The Rhetoric of fiction
 The Rhetoric of Fiction, he argued that all narrative is a form of rhetoric.
 Booth argues that beginning roughly with Henry James, critics began to emphasize the
difference between "showing" and "telling" in fiction and have placed more and more of
a dogmatic premium on "showing."
 Booth's criticism can be viewed as distinct from traditional biographical criticism and
the new criticism that argued that one can talk only about what the text says, and
the modern criticism that argues for the "eradication" of authorial presence.
 Booth claimed that it is impossible to talk about a text without talking about an author,
because the existence of the text implies the existence of an author.
 this implied author (a widely used term that Booth coined in this book; whom he also
called an author's "second self, is the one who "chooses, consciously or unconsciously,
what we read; we infer him as an ideal, literary, created version of the real man; he is the
sum of his own choices.
 In The Rhetoric of Fiction Booth coined the term "unreliable narrator".
 Booth detailed three "Types of Literary Interest" that are "available for technical
manipulation in fiction":
o (1) Intellectual or cognitive: We have, or can be made to have, strong intellectual
curiosity about "the facts," the true interpretation, the true reasons, the true
origins, the true motives, or the truth about life itself.
o (2) Qualitative: We have, or can be made to have, a strong desire to see any
pattern or form completed, or to experience a further development of qualities of
any kind. We might call this kind "aesthetic," if to do so did not suggest that a
literary form using this interest was necessarily of more artistic value than one
based on other interests.

o (3) Practical: We have, or can be made to have, a strong desire for the success or
failure of those we love or hate, admire or detest; or we can be made to hope for
or fear a change in the quality of a character. We might call this kind "human," if
to do so did not imply that 1 and 2 were somehow less than human. [5]
 Booth outlined various identities taken on by both authors and readers: The Flesh-and
Blood Author, the Implied Author, the Teller of This Tale, the Career Author, and the
"Public Myth"; and, the Flesh-and-Blood Re-Creator of Many Stories, the Postulated
Reader, the Credulous Listener, the Career Reader, and the Public Myth about the
"Reading Public."
Empson: Seven types of Ambiguity
Seven types
1. The first type of ambiguity is the metaphor, that is, when two things are said to be alike
which have different properties. This concept is similar to that of metaphysical conceit.
2. Two or more meanings are resolved into one. Empson characterizes this as using two
different metaphors at once.
3. Two ideas that are connected through context can be given in one word simultaneously.
4. Two or more meanings that do not agree but combine to make clear a complicated state
of mind in the author.
5. When the author discovers his idea in the act of writing. Empson describes a simile that
lies halfway between two statements made by the author.
6. When a statement says nothing and the readers are forced to invent a statement of their
own, most likely in conflict with that of the author.
7. Two words that within context are opposites that expose a fundamental division in the
author's mind.

UGC NET ENGLISH - Literary Movements

Literary Movements
Literature constantly evolves as new movements emerge to speak to the concerns of different
groups of people and historical periods.
Literary Movements and their Periods
Absurd theatre (1930–1970):
It is a movement that responded to the seeming illogicality and purposelessness of human life in
works marked by a lack of clear narrative, understandable psychological motives, or emotional
catharsis. Critic Martin Esslin coined the term in his 1960 essay “Theatre of the Absurd.” Albert
Camus uses the term in his 1942 essay, “The Myth of Sisyphus”. His philosophy that life is
inherently without meaning is illustrated in his work The Myth of Sisyphus. The Absurd in these
plays takes the form of man’s reaction to a world apparently without meaning, and or man as a
puppet controlled or menaced by invisible outside forces. This style of writing was first
popularized by Samuel Beckett’s  play, Waiting for Godot published in 1952.
Playwrights commonly associated with the Theatre of the Absurd are Samuel Beckett, Eugène
Ionesco, Jean Genet, Harold Pinter, Luigi Pirandello, Tom Stoppard, Friedrich
Dürrenmatt, Miguel Mihura, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Fernando Arrabal, Václav Havel, Edward
Albee and  Badal Sarkar .
Aestheticism (1835–1910):
Aestheticism – It is an intellectual and art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values
more than social-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts. This meant that Art
from this particular movement focused more on being beautiful rather than having a deeper
meaning- ‘ Art for Art’s sake.
Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater believed in “art for art’s sake.” Contemporary critic Harold
Bloom is also associated with the movement.
Angry Young Men (1950s–1980s):
It is a group of male British novelists and playwrights who emerged in the 1950s and expressed
scorn and disaffection with the established sociopolitical order of their country. Their impatience
and resentment were especially aroused by what they perceived as the hypocrisy and mediocrity
of the upper and middle classes. This “movement” was identified after the Second World War as
some British intellectuals began to question orthodox mores. The phrase was originally coined
by the Royal Court Theatre’s press officer to promote John Osborne’s play Look Back in
Anger in 1956..
The group’s members are John Osborne and Kingsley Amis. The trend that was evident in John
Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger, John Wain’s novel Hurry on Down, Kingsley Amis’s Lucky

Jim , Look Back in Anger.  John Braine’s Room at the Top,  and Alan Sillitoe’s Saturday Night
and Sunday Morning and the playwrights Bernard Kops’s The Hamlet of Stepney Green,  and
Arnold Wesker’s Chicken Soup with Barley also became the representative work of the
movement.
Beat Generation (1950s–1960s):
It is a movement of a movement of young people in the 1950s and early 1960s who rejected
conventional society, valuing free self-expression and favouring modern jazz. They sought
release and illumination though a bohemian counter culture of sex, drugs, and Zen Buddhism.
The members of the Beat Generation developed a reputation as new bohemian hedonists, who
celebrated non-conformity and spontaneous creativity.
The writers associated with the movement were Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. Among
writers associated with the movement were Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.
The best known examples of Beat literature are Allen Ginsberg’s Howl , William S.
Burroughs’s Naked Lunch and Jack Kerouac’s On the Road are among The core group of Beat
Generation authors are Herbert Huncke, Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, Lucien Carr,
and Jack Kerouac.
Bloomsbury Group (1906–1930s):
It was an influential group of associated English writers, intellectuals, philosophers and
artists lived in the Bloomsbury section of London in the early 20th century.
The best known members of this group were Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, E. M.
Forster, Clive Bell, Roger Fry and Lytton Strachey. They had a considerable liberalizing
influence on British culture.
Commedia dell’arte (1500s–1700s):
It is a form of theatre characterized by masked “types” which began in Renaissance Italy in the
16th century and was responsible for the advent of the actresses and improvised performances
based on sketches or scenarios.
Dadaism
Dada or Dadaism was a form of artistic anarchy born out of disgust for the social, political and
cultural values of the time. It was originated in Paris and led by the poet Tristan Tzara. It
embraced elements of art, music, poetry, theatre, dance and politics. It was an avant-garde
movement that began in response to the devastation of World War I. According to Hans
Richter Dada was not art: it was “anti-art.” Dada represented the opposite of everything which
art stood for. Where art was concerned with traditional aesthetics, Dada ignored aesthetics. If art

was to appeal to sensibilities, Dada was intended to offend. The Dadaists produced nihilistic and
anti logical prose, poetry, and art, and rejected the traditions, rules, and ideals of prewar Europe.
The writers are Ball, Hennings, Hans Arp, Tristan Tzara, Marcel Janco, and Richard
Huelsenbeck.
Enlightenment
It is an intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries in France and other parts of
Europe that emphasized the importance of reason, progress, and liberty. The Period
between1830-1910 has been described The Enlightenment, sometimes called the Age of Reason.
It  is primarily associated with nonfiction writing, such as essays and philosophical treatises.
Major Enlightenment writers are philosophers are Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its
prominent figures are Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, and Adam Smith, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke,
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, René Descartes

UGC NET ENGLISH LITERARY THEORY

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1
Choose one
answer.

a. To connect human beings with a higher ideal
b. To entertain those who enjoy it
c. To criticize society through satire
d. To bring to light social oppressions
e. All of the above answers are correct.
According to Plato, what is the moral purpose of art?

2
Choose one
answer.

a. Literary theory engages with theoretical rather than real-world issues.
b. Literary theory asks fundamental questions about literary interpretation, and at the same time
builds specific systems of literary interpretation.
c. Literary theory relies totally on speculation rather than history.
d. Literary theory is detached from the reality of politics and the economy.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

How does literary theory resemble the practice of philosophy as it was developed by Plato and Aristotle?

3
Choose one
answer.

a. Claude Lévi-Strauss
b. Ferdinand de Saussure
c. Viktor Shklovsky
d. Roland Barthes
e. Michel Foucault

Modern literary theory began with the work of which theorist?

4
Choose one
answer.

a. A reversal
b. An imitation
c. A satire
d. A poetic metaphor
e. A spectacle

What is mimesis?

5
Choose one
answer.

a. To understand the importance of the formal elements of literary structure
b. To formulate relationships among an author, a reader, and a literary work
c. To understand the role of sexuality, gender, race, and ethnicity in literary study
d. To evaluate the role of historical context in the interpretation of literature
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What is the main function of literary theory?

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6
Choose one
answer.

a. Literary criticism is concerned only with the meaning of a literary work, while literary theory is
concerned only with the structure of a literary work.
b. Literary criticism draws upon research derived from sources outside literature, while literary
theory draws upon sources within a text.
c. Literary criticism is concerned with how characters in a text act, while literary theory is
concerned with why characters act.
d. Literary theory is concerned with the method used to interpret a work, while literary criticism is
the application of literary theory.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

Which of the following best describes the difference between literary criticism and literary theory?

7
Choose one
answer.

a. Aristotle
b. Viktor Shklovsky
c. Cleanth Brooks
d. Stanley Fish
e. Toni Morrison

Which of the following literary theorists is most closely associated with the concept that became known as liberal humanism?

8
Choose one
answer.

a. Plato
b. Claude Lévi-Strauss
c. Julia Kristeva
d. Walter Benjamin
e. Louis Althusser

Which theorist is associated with the idea that art is a copy of a copy?

9
Choose one
answer.

a. Jacques Derrida
b. Jacques Lacan
c. Edward Said
d. Stephen Greenblatt
e. Plato

Which theorist is most closely associated with the idea of art as imitation?

10
Choose one
answer.

a. An idea traditionally associated with the Renaissance
b. A humanity-centered view of the universe
c. A school of theory devoted to the revival of Classical (ancient Greek and Roman) literature

What is humanism?

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d. A theory that values restraint, form, and imitation
e. All of the above answers are correct.

11
Choose one
answer.

a. As an aesthetic object that is independent of historical context
b. As an aesthetic object that is influenced by historical context
c. As a historical object that is also aesthetic
d. As a historical object that is not necessarily aesthetic

How did the New Critics view literature?

12
Choose one
answer.

a. Both sets of critics reject the importance of historical context in studying literature.
b. Both sets of critics look for an objective way to view texts.
c. Both sets of critics study the underlying forms of texts.
d. Both sets of critics focus on evaluating literature in a scientific manner.
e. All of the above answers are correct.
What do structuralist and formalist critics have in common?

13
Choose one
answer.

a. A term first used by literary theorists William Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley
b. A term that suggests that a critic should study the structural and thematic elements of a poem
rather than the effect it has on the emotions of the reader
c. A term that describes the confusion between a poem and its result
d. An important term in the field of New Historicism
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What is affective fallacy?

14
Choose one
answer.

a. A term that describes how literature exposes its own artificiality
b. A concept associated with Russian formalism
c. An idea explored by Viktor Shklovsky
d. A term that describes the capacity of art to counter the effects of habit
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What is defamiliarization?

15
Choose one
answer.

a. An approach that emphasizes literary devices in a text
b. An approach that emphasizes the historical context of a text
c. An approach that emphasizes the biographical intent of a text
d. An approach that emphasizes racial issues in a text
Which of the following descriptions best defines the literary theory known as formalism?

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e. An approach that emphasizes the representation of the economy in a text

16
Choose one
answer.

a. Cleanth Brooks
b. Ferdinand de Saussure
c. Karl Marx
d. Sigmund Freud
e. Toni Morrison

Which of the following figures is considered to be the father of the linguistic theory known as structuralism?

17
Choose one
answer.

a. Critics should examine historical information surrounding a literary work.
b. Critics should develop universal readings of texts.
c. Critics should consider evolving notions of a text over time.
d. Critics should attempt to paraphrase texts in order to find out what they mean.
e. Critics should look at the biographical information of authors.

Which of the following statements best describes Cleanth Brooks's attitude towards studying literature?

18
Choose one
answer.

a. Plato's The Republic
b. T.S. Eliot's "Tradition and the Individual Talent"
c. Jacques Derrida's Of Grammatology
d. Roland Barthes's "The Death of the Author"
e. Jacques Lacan's "The Mirror Stage ... "

Which of the following texts is the BEST example of the argument that a work's meaning does not come entirely from the
imagination of the author?

19
Choose one
answer.

a. Aristotle's Poetics
b. Leo Tolstoy's The Kreutzer Sonata
c. John Keats's "Ode on a Grecian Urn"
d. Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness
e. W.E.B. Du Bois's The Souls of Black Folk
Which of the following texts provides the best example of defamiliarization?

20
Choose one
answer.

a. Viktor Shklovsky
b. Cleanth Brooks
c. Terry Eagleton
d. Judith Butler

Which of the following theorists is associated with formalism?

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e. Mikhail Bakhtin

21
Choose one
answer.

a. Humanism
b. Formalism
c. Structuralism
d. Poststructuralism
e. Marxism

Which school of literary theory is associated with the phrase "to make the stones stonier"?

22
Choose one
answer.

a. Language is inseparable from its historical context.
b. There are five phases of linguistic development.
c. Language can be analyzed as a formal system of elements.
d. Linguistics is too complicated to be distilled to a formula.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What is the central idea of Ferdinand de Saussure's Course in General Linguistics?

23
Choose one
answer.

a. refuses maternal bonds.
b. is able to separate the "I" from the "Other."
c. looks into a mirror for the first time.
d. first engages with speech.
e. All of the above answers are correct.
According to Jacques Lacan, the mirror stage is the point at which a child:

24
Choose one
answer.

a. Biographical information about the author must be considered when evaluating literature.
b. A text and its author text are unrelated.
c. It is possible to distill meaning from a work based on the author's politics.
d. Authorial intent must be considered when evaluating literature.
e. Literature is inextricably connected to its creator.
In his essay "The Death of the Author," Roland Barthes argues what about literature?

25
Choose one
answer.

a. The idea of the author came into being at a certain point in history.
b. The names of authors serve a classificatory function.
c. The author is not a source of infinite meaning.
d. The author may not always exist.

In his essay "What Is an Author?" what position(s) on authorship does Michel Foucault take?

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e. All of the above answers are correct.

26
Choose one
answer.

a. No fixed, stable meaning is possible.
b. Language must be studied in conjunction with history in order to create meaning.
c. There is no potential for multiple and differing meanings in a work of literature.
d. Literature is timeless, and thus meaning does not change.
e. All of the above answers are correct.
In Of Grammatology, Jacques Derrida argues what about literature?

27
Choose one
answer.

a. mirrors our physical evolution as human beings.
b. prevents us from communicating through writing or speech.
c. involves a constant process of deferred meaning.
d. evolved exclusively as a function of our individual psyche.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

Jacques Derrida's concept of différance challenges us to think about language as a system that:

28
Choose one
answer.

a. The ability of a text to contain truth
b. The "undecidability" and essentially unstable nature of a text
c. The idea that a text has a specific meaning that can be understood through a process of
deconstruction
d. Jacques Derrida's style of writing
e. All of the above answers are correct.

To what idea does the ancient Greek term aporia refer in terms of deconstruction theory?

29
Choose one
answer.

a. the meaning of a text always relies on context.
b. texts are always heterogeneous.
c. the instability of a text is actually evident in the text itself.
d. any system for the production of meaning is inevitably bound by context, yet also limitless.
e. All of the above answers are correct.
Ultimately, the literary theory of deconstruction argues that:

30
Choose one
answer.

a. It contains secret instincts and desires that are repressed.
b. It has little impact on human behavior.
c. It is the only significant aspect of the human psyche.
d. It can never be accessed.
What did Sigmund Freud believe about the unconscious?

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e. All of the above answers are correct.

31
Choose one
answer.

a. Literary texts should not be read as a projection of the author's psyche.
b. Literary texts solely reflect an author's intentions.
c. Literary texts are unlike dreams because they have a system of order and produce meaning.
d. Literary texts reveal secret elements of an author's unconscious.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What fundamental idea does psychoanalytic criticism hold about literary texts?

32
Choose one
answer.

a. A maxim of logic developed by Charles Sanders Peirce
b. A theory of practical actions developed by William James
c. An idea used to guide conduct towards clear objectives
d. A concept derived from the ancient Greek word pragma, meaning action
e. All of the above answers are correct.
What is the philosophical theory known as pragmatism?

33
Choose one
answer.

a. T.S. Eliot
b. Jacques Lacan
c. Jacques Derrida
d. Stanley Fish
e. Edward Said

Which literary theorist argues that "there is nothing outside the text"?

34
Choose one
answer.

a. Neurotic behavior
b. Changes in emotional states
c. Obsessions
d. Slips of the tongue
e. All of the above answers are correct.

Which of the following human behaviors is important to a Freudian psychoanalytic study of William Shakespeare's Hamlet?

35
Choose one
answer.

a. All linguistic concepts evolve solely out of the responses of people within a specific historical
era.
b. All linguistic and social phenomena are texts, and the object of studying these texts is to reveal
the underlying codes that make them meaningful.
c. All linguistics is in some way related to class struggle.

Which of the following is a rule of semiotics?

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d. All linguistics is related to history, and therefore the meaning of linguistics relies exclusively on
historical context.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

36
Choose one
answer.

a. Judith Butler's Gender Trouble
b. W.E.B. Du Bois's The Souls of Black Folk
c. Roland Barthes's "The Death of the Author"
d. Jacques Derrida's Of Grammatology
e. Jacques Lacan's "The Mirror Stage ... "

Which text argues that, as infants, human beings begin to define their identities against the identities of others?

37
Choose one
answer.

a. Claude Lévi-Strauss
b. Jacques Derrida
c. Jacques Lacan
d. Michel Foucault
e. Carl Jung

With what literary critic is the term the author function most closely associated?

38
Choose one
answer.

a. Calling into question the possibility of the coherence of discourse
b. Suggesting that the study of literature is based on the breakdown of language into signs
c. Arguing that language, and therefore literary texts, relies on the difference between terms and
therefore constantly defers meaning.
d. Calling into question the capacity of language to communicate
e. All of the above answers are correct.
Which of the following best defines the work of a deconstructionist critic?

39
Choose one
answer.

a. Kristeva rejects the idea that neuroses provide insight into the unconscious.
b. Kristeva suggests that women are not subject to traditional fetishes.
c. Kristeva offers a more central place for women's issues within psychological development.
d. Kristeva fundamentally disagrees with the idea of the mirror stage.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

How are Julia Kristeva's psychoanalytic theories distinct from traditional Freudian concepts?

40
Choose one
answer.

a. It suggests that the suppression of women is part of a historical climate that will naturally fade
away.
b. It suggests that gender roles are conditioned by the possession of money and power.

How does Virginia Woolf's essay "A Room of One's Own" contribute to feminist theory?

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c. It suggests that gender has power over class.
d. It suggests that education, rather than money, is needed for the liberation of women.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

41
Choose one
answer.

a. Women's gender is artificial, while men's gender is not.
b. While gender is not real, the stereotypes that accompany it are true.
c. Gender is a problematic, but essentially true, category.
d. Gender is largely a cultural construct.
e. All of the above answers are correct.
In general, what is Judith Butler's concept of gender?

42
Choose one
answer.

a. Women should write for and about themselves in order to counter phallocentric texts.
b. Women should write, but they should do so only within the existent male canon.
c. Women should primarily dedicate themselves to studying women's literature from the past.
d. Women should be unconcerned with the struggle for identity.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

In her essay "The Laugh of the Medusa," what does Hélène Cixous suggest for women?

43
Choose one
answer.

a. Kristeva wholly rejects Lacan's theory of psychosexual development.
b. Kristeva centralizes the maternal and the feminine in her revisions of Lacan's theory.
c. Kristeva argues that the mirror stage does not occur until the individual embraces a distinct
gender role.
d. All of the above answers are correct.

In what way does Julia Kristeva build on Jacques Lacan's theory of psychosexual development?

44
Choose one
answer.

a. Ophelia's madness represents the social oppression of women.
b. It is nearly impossible to represent women as anything other than mad in patriarchal
discourses.
c. Feminist critics need to re-appropriate Ophelia for their own purposes.
d. Women's tragedies tend to be subordinated to those of men.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What does Elaine Showalter argue about gender in terms of representations of the character of Ophelia in William
Shakespeare's Hamlet?

45
Choose one
answer.

a. Examining only female-authored literature more critically
b. Considering women's literature outside of its historical context

What does gynocriticism recommend as an approach to literature?

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c. Studying women's literature for its linguistic qualities only
d. Becoming more familiar with the history of women and women's writing
e. All of the above answers are correct.

46
Choose one
answer.

a. Gender does not reflect an essential truth, but rather is a role people play based on their
internalization of socially constructed gender roles.
b. Gender roles do not exist.
c. Real gender roles are scripted by excellent writers.
d. Only individuals who have the capacity to perform have gender.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What does Judith Butler mean when she suggests that gender is "performed"?

47
Choose one
answer.

a. To advocate for women's rights
b. To create literary subjects with which female readers can identify
c. To critique phallocentric assumptions about literature
d. To counter stereotypes about women
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What is the purpose of feminist theory?

48
Choose one
answer.

a. Performance is the ultimate objective of all human beings.
b. Language is used to indicate action as well as thought.
c. Individuals perform gender actively.
d. Individuals develop consciousness through speech.
e. All of the above answers are correct.
Which of the following ideas relates to J.L. Austin's performativity theory?

49
Choose one
answer.

a. Understanding sexuality is crucial to understanding culture.
b. Understanding homosexuality has little effect on understanding culture.
c. Literary study is unaffected by a lack of interest in sexuality.
d. Understanding homosexual themes in novels has become too routine.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

Which of the following is a theme of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's book Epistemology of the Closet?

50
Choose one
answer.

a. How women really feel about male writers
b. The inscription of womanhood and femininity in texts
Which of the following offers the best definition of écriture féminine?

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c. Second-wave feminism
d. Psychological studies of women
e. Literary works that feature women

51
Choose one
answer.

a. Elaine Showalter
b. Julia Kristeva
c. Lucy Irigaray
d. Hélène Cixous
e. Louise M. Rosenblatt

With which feminist theorist is gynocriticism most closely associated?

52
Choose one
answer.

a. Hélène Cixous
b. Judith Butler
c. Lucy Irigaray
d. Mary Wollstonecraft
e. Julia Kristeva

Which of the following writers might be considered one of the early founders of first-wave feminism?

53
Choose one
answer.

a. History comprises the essential framework for the performance of literary analysis
b. Politics and the economy are the most important factors in literary analysis
c. Biography is essential to literary analysis
d. Psychoanalysis is critical to literary analysis
e. All of the above answers are correct.

In Fredric Jameson's book The Political Unconscious, what does Jameson suggest about literature?

54
Choose one
answer.

a. Formalism
b. Structuralism
c. Poststructuralism
d. Marxism
e. Postcolonialism

The Frankfurt School of literary theory was most greatly influenced by which of the following schools of thought?

55
Choose one
answer.

a. An infant's inability to speak prior to the mirror stage
b. The referential relationships among symbols, signifiers, and signs

To what idea does the term heteroglossia refer?

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c. The multi-layered nature of language in a literary work
d. The formulaic shift between economic and political themes
e. All of the above answers are correct

56
Choose one
answer.

a. A form of literary criticism that is based on historical context
b. A form of literary criticism that does not incorporate economic concerns
c. A form of literary criticism based on linguistic analysis
d. A term related to gender theory that argues that men are dominant in society by virtue of their
economic privilege
e. A form of literary criticism that is based on a reader's response

What is dialectical materialism?

57
Choose one
answer.

a. A term developed by Mikhail Bakhtin
b. A term used to describe how texts include a variety of styles
c. A term used to explain the use of multiple points of view in literature
d. A term that explains resistance to a monolithic text
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What is dialogism?

58
Choose one
answer.

a. A term for the false neuroses expressed in dreams
b. A feminist term for the state that occurs when texts written by women are not considered in
the study of literature
c. Another term for the unconscious
d. A term related to the period of psychosexual development that occurs before an infant reaches
the mirror stage
e. An ideology that involves dominating the consciousness of exploited classes

What is false consciousness?

59
Choose one
answer.

a. The effect of literature in enlightening the human mind
b. The effect of modern society on human suffering
c. The effect of the economy on women's concerns
d. The effect of the unconscious mind on the conscious self
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What is generally considered to be Theodor W. Adorno's primary concern as a theorist?

60 Which of the following statements best explains Mikhail Bakhtin's philosophy of language?

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Choose one
answer.

a. Language includes multiple social dialects and jargons.
b. Language can include socio-ideological contradictions from the past.
c. Language exhibits and is bound up in the social lives and historical context of the people who
speak it.
d. Language is loaded with the intentions of others.
e. Language is shaped by the context of a socially-charged life.

61
Choose one
answer.

a. Sigmund Freud
b. Carl Jung
c. William James
d. Theodor W. Adorno
e. Edward Said

With which theorist is the term identity thinking most closely associated?

62
Choose one
answer.

a. They accept ideology as an essential, although sometimes problematic, part of society.
b. They subject all ideologies to critique in order to expose biased interests.
c. They reject the idea that ideology has real effects on social progress.
d. They promote ideology because it helps to create a dominant social order.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

How do Marxist theorists react to ideology?

63
Choose one
answer.

a. Understanding the author's ideas in the context of the real world
b. Entering the author's mind through his or her literary works
c. Understanding the author's consciousness
d. Reproducing the author's thoughts in a critical context
e. All of the above answers are correct.
According to the Geneva School, what is the function of the reader?

64
Choose one
answer.

a. The reader fills in the gaps imposed by an author's intention.
b. The reader is sublimated beneath the author.
c. The reader is less important than the author's context.
d. The reader is totally subject to the author's intention.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

How does Wolfgang Iser envision the reader?

65 In her essay "The Poem as Event," Louise M. Rosenblatt sees the reader as performing what function?

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Choose one
answer.

a. The reader participates in a transaction with the text.
b. The reader is acted upon by the text.
c. The reader acts upon the text.
d. The reader brings individual knowledge to his or her reading of the text.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

66
Choose one
answer.

a. It is impossible to view a piece of literature as its author intended.
b. It is impossible to divorce a text from capitalist ideology.
c. It is impossible to view a piece of literature correctly, because we can only work within the
hetero-normative paradigm.
d. It is impossible to separate a text from the linguistics that compose it.
e. It is impossible for a reader to recognize multiple voices in a text.

What does hermeneutic theory suggest about how readers view literature?

67
Choose one
answer.

a. A term that describes the absence of racial others in the canon
b. A term that describes the attempt to read homosexuality into literature
c. A term that describes the effect of autobiography on text
d. A term that describes the interpretation of meaning
e. A term that describes the layers of voices in literature

What is hermeneutics?

68
Choose one
answer.

a. The examination of structures informing our conscious experience
b. The examination of desires informing our consciousness
c. The examination of our unconscious experience
d. The examination of intricate structures within our unconscious
e. The examination of transmissions between our unconscious and conscious experiences

What is phenomenology?

69
Choose one
answer.

a. The Moscow School
b. The Chicago School
c. The Frankfurt School
d. The Geneva School
e. The Yale School

Which school of theorists is most closely associated with phenomenology?

70 With which theorist is phenomenology associated?

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Choose one
answer.

a. Edmund Husserl
b. Wolfgang Iser
c. Jean-Paul Sartre
d. Emmanuel Lévinas
e. All of the above answers are correct.

71
Choose one
answer.

a. Wolfgang Iser
b. William Wimsatt
c. Cleanth Brooks
d. Harold Bloom
e. Edmund Husserl
With which theorist is the term implied reader associated?

72
Choose one
answer.

a. How readers learn to read
b. How readers imagine visual images in a text
c. How readers participate in creating the meaning of a text
d. How readers regard critics
e. How readers choose to read what they read
Reader-response theory is focused on considering which of the following?

73
Choose one
answer.

a. Theodor W. Adorno
b. Claude Lévi-Strauss
c. Julia Kristeva
d. Jacques Derrida
e. Jacques Lacan

From whom did New Historicists draw the idea of "self-regulating systems"?

74
Choose one
answer.

a. New Historicism rejects the idea that history is neutral.
b. New Historicism does not make strict delineations between literary and non-literary texts.
c. New Historicism takes a particular interest in marginalized peoples.
d. New Historicism is interested in how texts help us understand economic realities.
e. All of the above answers are correct.
How does New Historicism differ from traditional historicism?

75 The concept of otherness is related to which of the following theories?

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Choose one
answer.

a. Psychoanalytic theory
b. Feminist theory
c. Ethnic criticism
d. Postcolonial theory
e. All of the above answers are correct.

76
Choose one
answer.

a. It includes too few works by non-European writers.
b. It includes too few works by non-white writers.
c. It includes too few works by women.
d. It includes too few works by non-Western writers.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What do many contemporary theorists find problematic about the literary canon?

77
Choose one
answer.

a. It has little relationship to the colonization of Asian countries by the West.
b. It illustrates the fundamental political equality of all nations.
c. It was produced by Western scholarship.
d. Its literature is less proud that that of the West.
e. All of the above answers are correct.
What does Edward Said argue about the concept of the Orient?

78
Choose one
answer.

a. An early aspect of ethnic criticism
b. An understanding of how double experiences create identity
c. A concept developed by W.E.B Du Bois
d. An attempt to explain dual identity
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What is double consciousness?

79
Choose one
answer.

a. To represent the relationship between colonizers and the colonized
b. To draw attention to the positive effects of colonization on literature
c. To explain why there are few examples of successful non-Western literature
d. To show the ways in which most Western literature is superior
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What is the main function of postcolonial criticism?

80 What is the main goal of ethnic criticism?

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Choose one
answer.

a. To bring attention to false Euro-centric paradigms
b. To rectify the double experiences of certain racial groups
c. To reconcile cultural identity with individual identity
d. To expand the canon to include works authored by different racial groups
e. All of the above answers are correct.

81
Choose one
answer.

a. The West spends too much time trying to consider an Asian perspective.
b. The West tends to look at Asian countries as individual units rather than lump them together.
c. The West views matters through its own limited historical position.
d. The West refuses to apply economic and political coercion to Asian writers.
e. The West compels writers to work in pre-colonial, lost languages.

Which is a common postcolonial critique of the West?

82
Choose one
answer.

a. Texts are examined to see how colonizers and the colonized interact.
b. Texts are examined to see how the formal aspects of the text create meaning.
c. Texts are examined to determine how they reveal social realities.
d. Texts are examined to determine the author's intent.
e. Texts are examined to show how history has little effect on literary production.

Which of the following statements best explains the main objective of New Historicism?

83
Choose one
answer.

a. Harold Bloom's "An Elegy for the Canon"
b. Jacques Lacan's "The Mirror Stage ... "
c. Cleanth Brooks's "Keats's Sylvan Historian"
d. Edward Said's Orientalism
e. Toni Morrison's Playing in the Dark

Which of the following texts is considered the first example of postcolonial criticism?

84
Choose one
answer.

a. Jacques Derrida
b. Terry Eagleton
c. Fredric Jameson
d. Stephen Greenblatt
e. Louise M. Rosenblatt
Who coined the term New Historicism?

85 With which theorist is the concept imaginative geography associated?

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Choose one
answer.

a. Julia Kristeva
b. Fredric Jameson
c. Terry Eagleton
d. Edward Said
e. Michel Foucault

86
Choose one
answer.

a. A theory that sees history as a form of writing and discourse
b. A theory that abandons the idea of history as an imitation of events
c. A theory that regards history as a series of narratives
d. A theory that capitalizes on the interplay between literature and history
e. All of the above answers are correct.

What is New Historicism?

87
Choose one
answer.

a. A figure of judgment
b. Religious belief
c. A witness
d. Psychological treatment
e. An easy way to explain trauma

According to trauma theorists, a testifying subject needs which of the following to deliver a successful testimony?

88
Choose one
answer.

a. Literary theory is limited in its ability to interpret a text.
b. Literary theory often depends on esoteric knowledge to be properly understood.
c. Literary theory is employed mostly by academics.
d. Literary theory should not be an academic focus in English departments.
e. Literary theory is the only proper way to conceptualize literary texts.
Christopher Ricks would most likely DISAGREE with which of the following claims about literary theory?

89
Choose one
answer.

a. How writers conceptualize natural environments and the representation of environmental
issues in literature and culture
b. How writers have damaged the environment
c. How the environment can be repaired
d. Who is responsible for damaging the environment
e. How clean energy sources can be developed
Ecotheorists tend to show an interest in which of the following?

90 In his essay "The Business of Theory," William Deresiewicz argues which of the following about Terry Eagleton's book After
Theory?

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Choose one
answer.

a. It offers a strong outline for how theory can be conducted in the 21st century.
b. It should not be read or considered by any student or scholar.
c. It offers some valid ideas and critiques, but its author is not entirely trustworthy.
d. It offers a strong counterpoint to Jacques Derrida's notion of deconstruction.
e. It proves that William Shakespeare did not author his plays.

91
Choose one
answer.

a. Reject all previous modes of literary theory
b. Focus on a return to traditional critical methods
c. Make use of different literary theories in order to develop new theories
d. Work only with ideas developed by post-Marxist theorists
e. Insist that literary studies should be abandoned
New trends in literary theory tend to do which of the following?

92
Choose one
answer.

a. Literary theory tends to be too political.
b. Literary theory does not offer a holistic interpretation of a text.
c. Literary theory depends on specialized knowledge that is outside the realm of literary studies.
d. Literary theory is sometimes very abstract and difficult to read.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

Some critics of literary theory argue that literary theory is problematic for which reason?

93
Choose one
answer.

a. Psychoanalysis
b. Marxism
c. Feminism
d. Deconstruction
e. Reader-response theory

Trauma theory is tremendously influenced by which theoretical school?

94
Choose one
answer.

a. Sigmund Freud
b. Carl Jung
c. Michel Foucault
d. Jacques Derrida
e. Jacques Lacan

Trauma theory primarily developed out of the work of which psychoanalyst?

95 What are some common criticisms of literary theory?

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Choose one
answer.

a. Theory has replaced literary appreciation with formulas for understanding.
b. The reasoning of theory is often too circular.
c. Many theories have been pushed too far into abstraction.
d. Many theories are no longer accepted by their parent disciplines.
e. All of the above answers are correct.

96
Choose one
answer.

a. A language about another language
b. A supernatural language
c. A language that does not yet constitute a real language
d. A language used by a particular marginalized group of people within a larger dominant culture
e. All of the above answers are correct.
What does the term meta-language mean, according to Andrzej Warminski?

97
Choose one
answer.

a. He considers it to be vital in order to understand literary texts.
b. He considers theory to be the only way that literary texts can be interpreted.
c. He has no misgivings about the practical usability of literary theory.
d. He feels that literary theory is ultimately too limited in scope to serve as a proper method of
interpretation.
e. He claims never to have read a piece of literary theory.

What is Christopher Ricks's attitude toward literary theory?

98
Choose one
answer.

a. Trauma theory
b. Ecotheory
c. Game theory
d. Marxist theory
e. Psychoanalytic theory

Which literary theory would most directly explore questions of the role of spatial setting in a poem?

99
Choose one
answer.

a. Strange attractors are mysterious forces that are entirely random.
b. Strange attractors are complex forces that are determined by the laws of physics.
c. Strange attractors are mysterious forces that are both random and determined.
d. Strange attractors are complex forces that are entirely random.
e. Strange attractors are mysterious forces that have no basis in logic or reason and cannot be
observed in nature.

Which of the following statements offers the best definition of the concept of strange attractors in chaos theory?

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100
Choose one
answer.

a. Trauma theory
b. Ecotheory
c. Chaos theory
d. Formalism
e. Marxist theory

UGC NET - MCQ English Literature On Literary Theory

Multiple Choice Questions English Literature On Literary Theory
Detractors argue that such an approach can be too “judgmental.” Some believe literature should be
judged primarily (if not solely) on its artistic merits. What approach possess this disadvantage ?
A. Psychological
B. Formalism/New Criticism
C. Moral/Philosophical
D. Historical/Biographical
Modern literary theory began with the work of which theorist ?
A. Ferdinand de Saussure
B. Viktor Shklovsky
C. Roland Barthes
D. Michel Foucault
One archetype in literature is the scapegoat. Which of these literary characters serves that purpose ?
A. Billy Budd
B. Hamlet
C. Captain Ahab
D. Ophelia
How does New Historicism differ from traditional historicism ?
A. New Historicism rejects the idea that history is neutral.
B. New Historicism does not make strict delineations between literary and non-literary texts.
C. New Historicism takes a particular interest in marginalized peoples.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Plato used the word mimesis in relation to literature with the meaning ?
A. Copying
B. Criticism of life
C. Representation
D. Interpretation
What is the main function of postcolonial criticism ?
A. To represent the relationship between colonizers and the colonized
B. To draw attention to the positive effects of colonization on literature
C. To explain why there are few examples of successful non-Western literature
D. To show the ways in which most Western literature is superior

What approach is described by the paragraph? Users of this approach believe that all information
essential to the interpretation of a work must be found within the work itself; there is no need to
bring in outside information about the history, politics, or society of the time, or about the author’s
life ?
A. Historical/Biographical Approach
B. Moral/ Philosophical Approach
C. Formalism
D. Psychological Approach
Who proposed that poets should be banished from the ideal Republic ?
A. Plato
B. Aristotle
C. Sir Philip Sidney
D. Sir Thomas More
What does gynocriticism recommend as an approach to literature ?
A. Examining only female-authored literature more critically
B. Considering women’s literature outside of its historical context
C. Becoming more familiar with the history of women and women’s writing
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Horace was a_____________?
A. Greek writer
B. Roman Writer
C. Italian writer
D. English writer
A critic examining Pope’s “An Essay on Man” asks herself: How well does this poem accord with the
real world? Is it accurate? Is it moral? She is most likely a critic?
A. Feminist
B. Reader Response
C. Formalist
D. Mimetic
The statements below are steps on “How to Read and Understand an Expository Essay”. Which comes
in as an initial thing to do before writing an expository essay ?
A. Identify the Mode of Development
B. Analysis of the Author
C. Subsequent Readings/Reviews
D. All of the above answers are correct.
This literary critic warned: “We must remember that the greater part of our current reading matter is
written for us by people who have no real belief in a supernatural order . . . And the greater part . . . is
coming to be written by people who not only have no such belief, but are even ignorant of the fact
that there are still people in the world so ’backward’ or so ’eccentric’ as to continue to believe.” ?
A. C.S. Lewis
B. T.S. Eliot
C. G.K. Chesterton
D. Matthew Arnold
New trends in literary theory tend to do which of the following ?
A. Reject all previous modes of literary theory
B. Focus on a return to traditional critical methods
C. Make use of different literary theories in order to develop new theories
D. Work only with ideas developed by post- Marxist theorists

In Dryden’s Essay of Dramatic Poesy there are four interlocuters representing four different
ideologies. Which of them expresses Dryden’s own views ?
A. Lisideius
B. Eugenius
C. Neander
D. Crites
What do many contemporary theorists find problematic about the literary canon ?
A. It includes too few works by non- European writers.
B. It includes too few works by non-white writers.
C. It includes too few works by women.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
How does literary theory resemble the practice of philosophy as it was developed by Plato and
Aristotle ?
A. Literary theory engages with theoretical rather than real-world issues.
B. Literary theory asks fundamental questions about literary interpretation, and at the same time
builds specific systems of literary interpretation.
C. Literary theory relies totally on speculation rather than history.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
What did Sigmund Freud believe about the unconscious?
A. a. It contains secret instincts and desires that are repressed.
B. It is the only significant aspect of the human psyche.
C. It can never be accessed.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
What approach is described by the paragraph? Those who apply this approach believe it is necessary
to know about the author and the political, economical, and sociological context of his times in order
to truly understand his works ?
A. Historical/Biographical Approach
B. Moral/ Philosophical Approach
C. Formalism
D. Psychological Approach
In her essay “The Poem as Event,” Louise M. Rosenblatt sees the reader as performing what function ?
A. The reader participates in a transaction with the text.
B. The reader is acted upon by the text.
C. The reader acts upon the text.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Which of the following texts is considered the first example of postcolonial criticism ?
A. Harold Bloom’s “An Elegy for the Canon”
B. Jacques Lacan’s “The Mirror Stage . . . ”
C. Cleanth Brooks’s “Keats’s Sylvan Historian”
D. Edward Said’s Orientalism
In his essay “What Is an Author?” what position(s) on authorship does Michel Foucault take ?
A. The idea of the author came into being at a certain point in history.
B. The names of authors serve a classificatory function.
C. The author may not always exist.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Among the following which is not a work by Aristotle ?
A. Ethics
B. Metaphysics

C. Rhetoric
D. Ars Poetica
In a Freudian approach to literature, concave images are usually seen as____________?
A. Female symbols
B. Phallic symbols
C. Male symbols
D. Evidence of an Oedipus complex
Which literary theorist argues that “there is nothing outside the text” ?
A. T.S. Eliot
B. Jacques Lacan
C. Jacques Derrida
D. Stanley Fish
This feminist critic proposed that all female characters in literature are in at least one of the following
stages of development: the feminine, feminist, or female stage ?
A. Virginia Woolf
B. Elaine Showalter
C. Mary Wolstencraft
D. Ellen Mores
Which of the following writers might be considered one of the early founders of firstwave feminism ?
A. Hélène Cixous
B. Judith Butler
C. Lucy Irigaray
D. Mary Wollstonecraft
Poetic Diction was taken to be the standard language for poetry in______________?
A. The Elizabethan Age
B. The Neo-Classical Age
C. The Romantic Age
D. The Victorian Age
With which theorist is phenomenology associated ?
A. Edmund Husserl
B. Wolfgang Iser
C. Jean-Paul Sartre
D. All of the above answers are correct.
What does Sidney say about the observance of the three Dramatic Unities in drama ?
A. They must be observed
B. It is not necessary to observe them
C. He favours the observance of the Unity of Action only
D. Their observance depends upon the nature of the theme of the play
What is phenomenology ?
A. The examination of structures informing our conscious experience
B. The examination of desires informing our consciousness
C. The examination of our unconscious experience
D. The examination of intricate structures within our unconscious
Who said “theatre is not a hospital” ?
A. F.L. Lucas
B. J K Atkins
C. Derrida
D. Hillis Miller

What is New Historicism ?
A. A theory that sees history as a form of writing and discourse
B. A theory that abandons the idea of history as an imitation of events
C. A theory that regards history as a series of narratives
D. All of the above answers are correct.
In general, what is Judith Butler’s concept of gender ?
A. Women’s gender is artificial, while men’s gender is not.
B. While gender is not real, the stereotypes that accompany it are true.
C. Gender is largely a cultural construct.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Arnold’s views on poetry and criticism are discussed in ?
A. Preface to the Poems
B. On translating Homer
C. “Scholar Gypsy”
D. Culture and Anarchy
Which of the following theorists is associated with formalism ?
A. Viktor Shklovsky
B. Cleanth Brooks
C. Judith Butler
D. Mikhail Bakhtin
This poet might be described as a moral or philosophical critic for arguing that works must have “high
seriousness.” ?
A. T.S. Eliot
B. Matthew Arnold
C. Elizabeth Browning
D. Virginia Woolf
In Of Grammatology, Jacques Derrida argues what about literature ?
A. No fixed, stable meaning is possible.
B. Language must be studied in conjunction with history in order to create meaning.
C. Literature is timeless, and thus meaning does not change.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
In which chapter of Biographia Literaria Coleridge criticize the theory of language of Wordsworth ?
A. 16
B. 17
C. 14
D. 15
What is the original meaning of the term Hamartia ?
A. To miss the mark
B. Sin
C. Tragic flaw
D. Flaws
The term ‘collective unconscious’ is coined by_____________?
A. Carl Jung
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Ernest Jones
D. Erik Erikson

Who originated the term “objective correlative,” which is often used in formalist criticism ?
A. C.S. Lewis
B. Virginia Woolf
C. Matthew Arnold
D. T.S. Eliot
Who accused Aristotle of social snobbishness and arrogance ?
A. Willy Loman
B. Arthur Miller
C. Henry James
D. David
With which feminist theorist is gynocriticism most closely associated ?
A. Elaine Showalter
B. Julia Kristeva
C. Lucy Irigaray
D. Louise M. Rosenblatt
How did the New Critics view literature ?
A. As an aesthetic object that is independent of historical context
B. As an aesthetic object that is influenced by historical context
C. As a historical object that is also aesthetic
D. As a historical object that is not necessarily aesthetic
This literary critic coined the term “fancy.” ?
A. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
B. Virginia Woolf
C. Matthew Arnold
D. Carl Jung
Who is the author of Symposium ?
A. Aristotle
B. Dante
C. Longinus
D. Plato
What does Ben Jonson mean by a ‘Humorous Character’ ?
A. A character who is always cheerful and gay
B. A character who is by nature melancholy
C. A character whose temper is determined by the predominance of one out of the four fluids in the
human body
D. An eccentric person
Name the author of The New Criticism ?
A. F. R. Leavis
B. Allen Tate
C. John Crowe Ransom
D. R. P. Blackmur
The concept of otherness is related to which of the following theories ?
A. Psychoanalytic theory
B. Feminist theory
C. Ethnic criticism
D. All of the above answers are correct.

Plato’s Republic is written in the form of______________?
A. Drama
B. Narrative mode
C. Poetry
D. Dialogue
What is the philosophical theory known as pragmatism ?
A. A maxim of logic developed by Charles Sanders Peirce
B. A theory of practical actions developed by William James
C. An idea used to guide conduct towards clear objectives
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Which of the following human behaviors is important to a Freudian psychoanalytic study of William
Shakespeare’s Hamlet ?
A. Neurotic behavior
B. Changes in emotional states
C. Slips of the tongue
D. All of the above answers are correct.
What is the main function of literary theory ?
A. To understand the importance of the formal elements of literary structure
B. To formulate relationships among an author, a reader, and a literary work
C. To understand the role of sexuality, gender, race, and ethnicity in literary study
D. All of the above answers are correct.
What does Elaine Showalter argue about gender in terms of representations of the character of
Ophelia in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet ?
A. Ophelia’s madness represents the social oppression of women.
B. It is nearly impossible to represent women as anything other than mad in patriarchal discourses.
C. Feminist critics need to re-appropriate Ophelia for their own purposes.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
With which theorist is the term implied reader associated ?
A. Wolfgang Iser
B. William Wimsatt
C. Cleanth Brooks
D. Harold Bloom
A critic argues that in John Milton’s “Samson Agonistes,” the shearing of Samson’s locks is symbolic of
his castration at the hands of Delilah. What kind of critical approach is this critic using ?
A. Mimetic approach
B. Formalist approach
C. Historical approach
D. Psychological approach
Which of the following critics preferred Shakespeare’s Comedies to his Tragedies ?
A. Dryden
B. Pope
C. Dr. Johnson
D. Addison
Which literary theory would most directly explore questions of the role of spatial setting in a poem ?
A. Trauma theory
B. Ecotheory
C. Game theory
D. Marxist theory

With which theorist is the concept imaginative geography associated ?
A. Julia Kristeva
B. Fredric Jameson
C. Terry Eagleton
D. Edward Said
The statements below are steps on “How to Read and Understand an Expository Essay”. Which comes
in as an initial thing to do before writing an expository essay ?
A. Identify the Mode of Development
B. Analysis of the Author
C. Subsequent Readings/Reviews
D. Identify External Factors Related to the Work
From whom did New Historicists draw the idea of “self-regulating systems” ?
A. Theodor W. Adorno
B. Claude Lévi-Strauss
C. Julia Kristeva
D. Jacques Derrida
Who called Dryden the Father of English Criticism ?
A. Joseph Addison
B. Dr. Johnson
C. Coleridge
D. Matthew Arnold
The statements below are parts of the steps on “How to Write an Analytical Essay about Short
Fiction”. Which comes in as the last thing to do in the writing an essay about short fiction ?
A. Begin your paper with an introduction that identifies the purpose of the paper and the text you are
addressing.
B. Compose topic sentences (four or five, perhaps) that support, explore, demonstrate, or illustrate your
thesis.
C. Select specific passages in the text of the story that help you to develop each topic sentence.
D. Build your paper to a climax; save your most engaging or important topic sentence for discussion last.
What is mimesis ?
A. A reversal
B. An imitation
C. A satire
D. A poetic metaphor
Who was the first literary critic who said that “Art is twice removed from reality” ?
A. Plato
B. Aristotle
C. Longinus
D. Horace
What do structuralist and formalist critics have in common ?
A. Both sets of critics reject the importance of historical context in studying literature.
B. Both sets of critics look for an objective way to view texts.
C. Both sets of critics focus on evaluating literature in a scientific manner.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
The key word that characterised the Romantic movement was_______________?
A. Inspiration
B. Imagination
C. Fancy

D. Decorum
The statements below are parts of the steps on “How to Explicate Poetry”. Which comes in as second
to the last thing to do before writing a critical essay of a poem ?
A. Interpret the Poem.
B. Introduce External Support.
C. Analyze the Elements of the Poem
D. Evaluate the Poem.
Is Dryden’s Essay of Dramatic Poesy a work of ?
A. Interpretative Criticism
B. Legislative Criticism
C. Comparative Criticism
D. Textual Criticism
The statements below are parts of the steps on “How to Analyze a Play”. Which comes in as second
thing to do before writing a critical essay of a play ?
A. Identify External Factors Related to the Work
B. Interpret the Play
C. Analyze the Staging
D. Analyze the Essential Elements of the Play
Wordsworth’s theory of poetry appears in_____________?
A. Excursion
B. Tintern Abbey Lines
C. Preface to the Lyrical Ballads
D. Immortality Ode
In which capter of Biographia Lieraria, Coleridge make a distinction between fancy and imagination ?
A. 14
B. 15
C. 12
D. 13
Ultimately, the literary theory of deconstruction argues that ?
A. the meaning of a text always relies on context.
B. texts are always heterogeneous.
C. any system for the production of meaning is inevitably bound by context, yet also limitless.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
They believe that this approach tends to reduce art to the level of biography and make it relative (to
the times) rather than universal. What approach possess this disadvantage ?
A. Moral/Philosophical
B. Formalism/New Criticism
C. Historical/Biographical
D. Psychological
Which of the following figures is considered to be the father of the linguistic theory known as
structuralism ?
A. Cleanth Brooks
B. Ferdinand de Saussure
C. Karl Marx
D. Toni Morrison

To whom “poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful passion.” ?

A. Keats
B. Shelley
C. Wordsworth
D. Coleridge
A critic of Thomas Otway’s “Venice Preserv’d” wishes to know why the play’s conspirators, despite
the horrible, bloody details of their obviously brutish plan, are portrayed in a sympathetic light. She
examines the author’s life and times and discovers that there are obvious similarities between the
conspiracy in the play and the Popish Plot. She is most likely a critic ?
A. Historical
B. Feminist
C. Tory
D. Psychological
The name “Ars Poetica” (Art of Poetry) was given to Horace’s Epistle to the Pisos by____________?
A. Horace
B. Quintillion
C. Cicero
D. Virgil
What is humanism ?
A. An idea traditionally associated with the Renaissance
B. A humanity-centered view of the universe
C. A theory that values restraint, form, and imitation
D. All of the above answers are correct.
What fundamental idea does psychoanalytic criticism hold about literary texts ?
A. Literary texts should not be read as a projection of the author’s psyche.
B. Literary texts solely reflect an author’s intentions.
C. Literary texts reveal secret elements of an author’s unconscious.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
He was an influential force in archetypal criticism ?
A. Freud
B. Tate
C. Richards
D. Jung
Jacques Derrida’s concept of différance challenges us to think about language as a system
that____________?
A. mirrors our physical evolution as human beings.
B. prevents us from communicating through writing or speech.
C. involves a constant process of deferred meaning.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
In his essay “The Business of Theory,” William Deresiewicz argues which of the following about Terry
Eagleton’s book After Theory ?
A. It offers a strong outline for how theory can be conducted in the 21st century.
B. It should not be read or considered by any student or scholar.
C. It offers some valid ideas and critiques, but its author is not entirely trustworthy.
D. It offers a strong counterpoint to Jacques Derrida’s notion of deconstruction.
“It is not rhyming and versing that maketh a poet no more than a long gown maketh an advocate”.
Whose view is this ?
A. Shakespeare’s

B. Marlowe’s
C. Spenser’s
D. Sidney’s
Who is the meaning of the term Peripeteia as used by Aristotle in his Theory of Tragedy ?
A. Change in the fortune of the hero from bad to good
B. Change in the fortune of the hero from good to bad
C. Constancy in the fortune of the hero
D. Fluctuations occurring in the fortune of the hero
‘On Translating Homer’ is written by________________?
A. Mathew Arnold
B. Walter Pater
C. T. S. ELiot
D. William Hazlit
Which of the following statements best explains Mikhail Bakhtin’s philosophy of language ?
A. Language includes multiple social dialects and jargons.
B. Language can include socio-ideological contradictions from the past.
C. Language exhibits and is bound up in the social lives and historical context of the people who speak
it.
D. Language is loaded with the intentions of others.
What is the meaning of the term Anagnorisis as used by Aristotle in his Theory of Tragedy ?
A. The hero’s recognition of his tragic flaw
B. The hero’s ignorance about his tragic flaw
C. The hero’s recognition of his adversary
D. The hero’s recognition of his tragic end
With which theorist is the term identity thinking most closely associated ?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Carl Jung
C. William James
D. Theodor W. Adorno
What is false consciousness ?
A. A term for the false neuroses expressed in dreams
B. A feminist term for the state that occurs when texts written by women are not considered in the
study of literature
C. Another term for the unconscious
D. An ideology that involves dominating the consciousness of exploited classes
What is affective fallacy ?
A. A term first used by literary theorists William Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley
B. A term that suggests that a critic should study the structural and thematic elements of a poem rather
than the effect it has on the emotions of the reader
C. An important term in the field of New Historicism
D. All of the above answers are correct.
What does the critical term ’esemplatic’ mean ?
A. The unifying power
B. Ability to coin new word
C. Power of imagination
D. Negative capability
What is generally considered to be Theodor W. Adorno’s primary concern as a theorist ?

A. The effect of literature in enlightening the human mind
B. The effect of modern society on human suffering
C. The effect of the economy on women’s concerns
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Which school of literary theory is associated with the phrase “to make the stones stonier” ?
A. Humanism
B. Formalism
C. Structuralism
D. Marxism
Some critics of literary theory argue that literary theory is problematic for which reason ?
A. Literary theory tends to be too political.
B. Literary theory does not offer a holistic interpretation of a text.
C. Literary theory depends on specialized knowledge that is outside the realm of literary studies.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
‘Gynocriticism’ is associated with_________________?
A. Elaine Showalter
B. Ellen Moors
C. Julia Kristeva
D. Kate Millet
What does hermeneutic theory suggest about how readers view literature ?
A. It is impossible to view a piece of literature as its author intended.
B. It is impossible to divorce a text from capitalist ideology.
C. It is impossible to view a piece of literature correctly, because we can only work within the hetero-
normative paradigm.
D. It is impossible to separate a text from the linguistics that compose it.
According to trauma theorists, a testifying subject needs which of the following to deliver a successful
testimony ?
A. A figure of judgment
B. Religious belief
C. A witness
D. Psychological treatment
In what way does Julia Kristeva build on Jacques Lacan’s theory of psychosexual development ?
A. Kristeva wholly rejects Lacan’s theory of psychosexual development.
B. Kristeva centralizes the maternal and the feminine in her revisions of Lacan’s theory.
C. Kristeva argues that the mirror stage does not occur until the individual embraces a distinct gender
role.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Which of the following best defines the work of a deconstructionist critic ?
A. Calling into question the possibility of the coherence of discourse
B. Suggesting that the study of literature is based on the breakdown of language into signs
C. Arguing that language, and therefore literary texts, relies on the difference between terms and
therefore constantly defers meaning.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
How many principal sources of sublimity are there according to Longinus ?
A. Three
B. Four
C. Five

D. Six
In his essay “The Death of the Author,” Roland Barthes argues what about literature ?
A. Biographical information about the author must be considered when evaluating literature.
B. A text and its author text are unrelated.
C. It is possible to distill meaning from a work based on the author’s politics.
D. Literature is inextricably connected to its creator.
Who is the author of the notorious book entitled The School of Abuse ?
A. Roger Ascham
B. Stephen Hawes
C. John Skelton
D. Stephen Gosson
Preface to the Lyrical Ballads was written by_______________?
A. Wordsworth
B. Coleridge
C. Southey
D. Shelly
The Frankfurt School of literary theory was most greatly influenced by which of the following schools
of thought ?
A. Formalism
B. Structuralism
C. Poststructuralism
D. Marxism
On the Sublime is written in_________________?
A. Greek
B. Latin
C. Hebrew
D. Italian
Which of the following statements best describes Cleanth Brooks’s attitude towards studying
literature ?
A. Critics should examine historical information surrounding a literary work.
B. Critics should develop universal readings of texts.
C. Critics should attempt to paraphrase texts in order to find out what they mean.
D. Critics should look at the biographical information of authors.
Which theorist is most closely associated with the idea of art as imitation ?
A. Jacques Derrida
B. Jacques Lacan
C. Edward Said
D. Plato
Who said that Keat’s love letters of a surgeon’s apprentice ?
A. Arnold
B. Shelley
C. Byron
D. Hazlitt
Which theorist is associated with the idea that art is a copy of a copy ?
A. Plato
B. Julia Kristeva
C. Walter Benjamin
D. Louis Althusser

The structure of tragedy according to Aristotle is________________?
A. Simple
B. Complex
C. Loose
D. Episodic
Who is the writer of ‘Hamlet and Oedipus’ (1949) ?
A. Carl Jung
B. Harold Bloom
C. Ernest Jones
D. Erik Erikson
What is dialogism ?
A. A term developed by Mikhail Bakhtin
B. A term used to describe how texts include a variety of styles
C. A term used to explain the use of multiple points of view in literature
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Philip Sidney’s Apologie for Poetrie is a defence of poetry against the charges brought against it
by____________?
A. Henry Howard
B. Roger Ascham
C. John Skelton
D. Stephen Gosson
The statements below are steps on “How to Read a Short Story Critically”. Which comes in as the last
thing to do in the critical reading of a narrative ?
A. Analyze the Structure of the Story
B. Analyze Rhetorical Elements
C. Analyze the Meaning of the Story (Interpretation)
D. Analyze the Essential Elements of the Story
Who coined the term ’esemplastic’ ?
A. William Worsworth
B. Browning
C. Coleridge
D. Eliot
The fall of the prison of Bacille, that marks the begining of French Revolution occurred
on______________?
A. June 14,1789
B. June 14, 1798
C. July 14, 1789
D. July 14,1798
One of the disadvantages of this school of criticism is that it tends to make readings too subjective ?
A. Reader Response Criticism
B. Formalist Criticism
C. Historical Criticism
D. These are all equally subjective
An Elizabethan Puritan critic denounced the poets as ‘fathers of lies’,’schools of abuse’
and’caterpillars of a commonwealth’. Mark him out from the following crities________________?
A. William Tyndale
B. Roger Ascham

C. Stephen Gosson
D. Henry Howard
What is dialectical materialism ?
A. A form of literary criticism that is based on historical context
B. A form of literary criticism that does not incorporate economic concerns
C. A form of literary criticism based on linguistic analysis
D. A term related to gender theory that argues that men are dominant in society by virtue of their
economic privilege
With what literary critic is the term the author function most closely associated ?
A. Claude Lévi-Strauss
B. Jacques Derrida
C. Jacques Lacan
D. Michel Foucault
Who made a difference between ‘poetry’ and ‘poem’ ?
A. Coleridge
B. Addison
C. Arnold
D. Eliot
According to the Geneva School, what is the function of the reader ?
A. Understanding the author’s ideas in the context of the real world
B. Entering the author’s mind through his or her literary works
C. Reproducing the author’s thoughts in a critical context
D. All of the above answers are correct.
How many poets were included in Jhonson’s ‘The Lives of Most Eminent English Poets’ ?
A. 48
B. 5
C. 52
D. 54
Plato equated poetry with painting, and Aristotle equated it with_______________?
A. drama
B. music
C. dance
D. none
The New Critics were_________________?
A. Psychological Critics
B. Feminist critics
C. Formalist critics
D. Marxist critics
Which of the following descriptions best defines the literary theory known as formalism ?
A. An approach that emphasizes literary devices in a text
B. An approach that emphasizes the historical context of a text
C. An approach that emphasizes the biographical intent of a text
D. An approach that emphasizes racial issues in a text
According to Aristotle pity and fear are evoked by_______________?
A. Comedy
B. Tragedy
C. Satire

D. Melodrama
What is denouement ____________?
A. The ending of a tragedy
B. The ending of a comedy
C. The climax in a tragedy
D. The climax in a comedy
According to Jacques Lacan, the mirror stage is the point at which a child _______________?
A. refuses maternal bonds.
B. is able to separate the “I” from the “Other.”
C. looks into a mirror for the first time.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Who was the most illustrious disciple of Socrates ?
A. Sophocles
B. Plautus
C. Plato
D. Critus
Which of the following literary theorists is most closely associated with the concept that became
known as liberal humanism ?
A. Aristotle
B. Viktor Shklovsky
C. Stanley Fish
D. Toni Morrison
What are some common criticisms of literary theory ?
A. Theory has replaced literary appreciation with formulas for understanding
B. The reasoning of theory is often too circular
C. Many theories have been pushed too far into abstraction
D. All of the above answers are correct
Plato said that art is an imperfect reflection of the real world because______________?
A. Art presents only part of the world
B. Art describes only what appears and not what is real
C. Art tells lies about the world
D. Art is an exaggeration of the world
Plato has a positive view of art, in so far as_______________?
A. It represents the nature
B. It contributes to the spiritual growth of people
C. It shows a tragedy
D. It imitates nobility
Who said that Arnold was a propagandist for literature rather than a critic ?
A. Carlyle
B. Ruskin
C. T. S. Eliot
D. F. R. Leavis
Literary Theory and Criticism________________?
A. Dryden
B. Pope
C. Dr. Johnson
D. Addison

From where has the term Oedipus Complex originated ?
A. Oedipus the Rex
B. Oedipus at Colonus
C. Antigone
D. Jocasta, the Queen of Thebes
Which of the following offers the best definition of écriture féminine ?
A. How women really feel about male writers
B. The inscription of womanhood and femininity in texts
C. Second-wave feminism
D. Psychological studies of women
How do Marxist theorists react to ideology ?
A. They accept ideology as an essential, although sometimes problematic, part of society.
B. They subject all ideologies to critique in order to expose biased interests.
C. They reject the idea that ideology has real effects on social progress.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
What approach to literary criticism requires the critic to know about the author’s life and times ?
A. Historical
B. Formalist
C. Mimetic
D. All of these
How many times do the word Katharsis appear in the Poetics________________?
A. 3
B. 2
C. 4
D. 6
Ecotheorists tend to show an interest in which of the following ?
A. How writers conceptualize natural environments and the representation of environmental issues in
literature and culture
B. How writers have damaged the environment
C. How the environment can be repaired
D. Who is responsible for damaging the environment
Which school of theorists is most closely associated with phenomenology ?
A. The Moscow School
B. The Chicago School
C. The Frankfurt School
D. The Geneva School
What has Dryden to say about the observance of the three Classical Dramatic Unities ?
A. He advocates their strict observance
B. He does not advocate their strict observance
C. He says that every dramatist should decide it for himself
D. He is silent about this issue
What is the purpose of feminist theory ?
A. To advocate for women’s rights
B. To create literary subjects with which female readers can identify
C. To critique phallocentric assumptions about literature
D. All of the above answers are correct.
On the Sublime is considered ______________?

A. A classical approach
B. Romantic approach
C. Neo-classical approach
D. None of these
Who coined the expression “objective corelative” ?
A. Coleridge
B. T. S. Eliot
C. Allen Tate
D. F. R. Leavis
Which of the following texts provides the best example of defamiliarization ?
A. Aristotle’s Poetics
B. Leo Tolstoy’s The Kreutzer Sonata
C. Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness
D. W.E.B. Du Bois’s The Souls of Black Folk
Who for the first time discriminated between imagination and fancy ?
A. Coleridge
B. William Wordsworth
C. John Ruskin
D. Schegell
Which of the following statements best explains the main objective of New Historicism ?
A. Texts are examined to see how colonizers and the colonized interact.
B. Texts are examined to see how the formal aspects of the text create meaning.
C. Texts are examined to determine how they reveal social realities.
D. Texts are examined to determine the author’s intent.
Wordsworth’s Preface to the Lyrical Ballads is believed to be the Preamble to Romantic Criticism. In
which year was it published ?
A. 1798
B. 18
C. 181
D. 182
What is double consciousness _______________?
A. An early aspect of ethnic criticism
B. An understanding of how double experiences create identity
C. A concept developed by W.E.B Du Bois
D. All of the above answers are correct.
The probable date of composition of Ars Poetica is_______________?
A. 1 BC
B. 12 to 8 BC
C. 15 AD
D. 2 AD
Who was the originator of the Theory of Imitation in Literature ?
A. Longinus
B. Aristotle
C. Plato
D. Horace
According to Plato, what is the moral purpose of art ?
A. To connect human beings with a higher ideal

B. To entertain those who enjoy it
C. To criticize society through satire
D. All of the above answers are correct.
One of the potential disadvantages of this approach to literature is that it can reduce meaning to a
certain time frame, rather than making it universal throughout the ages ?
A. Formalist
B. Historical
C. Feminist
D. Mimetic
Aristotle’s critical work is entitled_______________?
A. Ars Poetica
B. Poetics
C. De Arte Poetica
D. Art Poetique
Reader-response theory is focused on considering which of the following ?
A. How readers learn to read
B. How readers imagine visual images in a text
C. How readers participate in creating the meaning of a text
D. How readers regard critics
Dryden wrote An Essay of Dramatic Poesy. Is this ?
A. An Essay
B. A Drama
C. A Poetical Work
D. An Interlocution
Which of the following texts is the BEST example of the argument that a work’s meaning does not
come entirely from the imagination of the author ?
A. Plato’s The Republic
B. T.S. Eliot’s “Tradition and the Individual Talent”
C. Jacques Derrida’s Of Grammatology
D. Jacques Lacan’s “The Mirror Stage…..
What approach is described by the paragraph? This approach takes as a fundamental tenet that
“literature” exists not as an artifact upon a printed page but as a transaction between the physical
text and the mind of a reader ?
A. Historical/Biographical Approach
B. Reader Response Approach
C. Formalism
D. Mimetic Approach
Which text argues that, as infants, human beings begin to define their identities against the identities
of others ?
A. Judith Butler’s Gender Trouble
B. W.E.B. Du Bois’s The Souls of Black Folk
C. Roland Barthes’s “The Death of the Author”
D. Jacques Lacan’s “The Mirror Stage . . . “
Aristotle discusses the theory of Tragedy in _______________?
A. Art Poetique
B. Poetics
C. Rhetoric
D. Ars Poetica

In her essay “The Laugh of the Medusa,” what does Hélène Cixous suggest for women ?
A. Women should write for and about themselves in order to counter phallocentric texts.
B. Women should write, but they should do so only within the existent male canon.
C. Women should primarily dedicate themselves to studying women’s literature from the past.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Who called Aristotle “the very Alexander of criticism” ?
A. Saintsbury
B. Murray
C. Atkins
D. Tyllard
How does VirginiaWoolf’s essay “A Room of One’s Own” contribute to feminist theory ?
A. It suggests that the suppression of women is part of a historical climate that will naturally fade away.
B. It suggests that gender roles are conditioned by the possession of money and power.
C. It suggests that gender has power over class.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Who contributed the term “to see the object as in itself it really is” ?
A. Wordsworth
B. Coleridge
C. Arnold
D. Goethe
The phrase “willing suspension of disbelief” applies to which poet/critic ?
A. Charles Lamb
B. Joseph Conrad
C. Coleridge
D. Wordsworth
What is hermeneutics ?
A. A term that describes the absence of racial others in the canon
B. A term that describes the attempt to read homosexuality into literature
C. A term that describes the effect of autobiography on text
D. A term that describes the interpretation of meaning
What does Judith Butler mean when she suggests that gender is “performed” ?
A. Gender does not reflect an essential truth, but rather is a role people play based on their
internalization of socially constructed gender roles.
B. Gender roles do not exist.
C. Real gender roles are scripted by excellent writers.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
How are Julia Kristeva’s psychoanalytic theories distinct from traditional Freudian concepts ?
A. Kristeva rejects the idea that neuroses provide insight into the unconscious.
B. Kristeva suggests that women are not subject to traditional fetishes.
C. Kristeva offers a more central place for women’s issues within psychological development.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
What does Edward Said argue about the concept of the Orient ?
A. It has little relationship to the colonization of Asian countries by the West.
B. It illustrates the fundamental political equality of all nations.
C. It was produced by Western scholarship.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
According to Aristotle the unravelling of the plot_____________?
A. Should arise from the circumstances of the plot itself

B. By supernatural machinery
C. By narration
D. By the choral odes
“Of all philosopher’s Plato is the most poetic.” Who said this______________?
A. Philiph Sidney
B. Shelley
C. Aristlotle
D. Keats
In which book of the Republic did Plato ban poets from his ideal world ?
A. Book 7
B. Book 1
C. Book 1
D. Book 5
In Fredric Jameson’s book The Political Unconscious, what does Jameson suggest about literature ?
A. History comprises the essential framework for the performance of literary analysis
B. Politics and the economy are the most important factors in literary analysis
C. Biography is essential to literary analysis
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Who established the Lyceum ?
A. Plato
B. Aristotle
C. Horace
D. Longinus
Regarding the observance of the three Classical Unities in a play, Dr. Johnson’s view is that ?
A. Only the Unity of Time should be observed
B. Only the Unity of Place should be observed
C. Only the Unity of Action should be observed
D. All the three Unities should be observed
The end of writing is to instruct, the end of poetry is to instruct by pleasing.” Whose view is this ?
A. Wordsworth’s
B. Coleridge’s
C. Dr. Johnson’s
D. Matthew Arnold’s
Which of the following ideas relates to J.L. Austin’s performativity theory ?
A. Performance is the ultimate objective of all human beings.
B. Language is used to indicate action as well as thought.
C. Individuals perform gender actively.
D. All of the above answers are correct
Who is the author of Ars Poetica ?
A. Plato
B. Aristotle
C. Horace
D. Longinus
Which of the following best describes the difference between literary criticism and literary theory ?
A. Literary criticism is concerned only with the meaning of a literary work, while literary theory is
concerned only with the structure of a literary work.

B. Literary criticism draws upon research derived from sources outside literature, while literary theory
draws upon sources within a text.
C. Literary theory is concerned with the method used to interpret a work, while literary criticism is the
application of literary theory.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Michael Foucault was the major practitioner of this school of criticism?
A. Formalist Criticism
B. Deconstructionism
C. Structuralism
D. Mimetic Criticism
Who considers poetry ‘a mother of lies’ ?
A. Aristotle
B. Plato
C. Pope
D. Stephen Gosson
In which essay did Arnold say that for good literature to flourish two powers are necessary – creative
and the critical ?
A. The Function of Criticism
B. The Study of Poetry
C. Preface to Eighteen Fifty Three poems
D. Essay on Wordsworth
Aristotle and Plato belong to phase of criticism ?
A. Hellenic
B. Hellenistic
C. Renaissance
D. Graeco-Roman
The term Electra Complex has originated from a tragedy entitled Electra. Who is the author of his
tragedy ?
A. Aeschylus
B. Sophocles
C. Euripides
D. Seneca
In which the following works Plato discusses his Theory of Poetry ?
A. Apology
B. Ion
C. The Republic
D. Phaedrus
This critical approach assumes that language does not refer to any external reality. It can assert
several, contradictory interpretations of one text ?
A. Deconstructionism
B. Formalist Criticism
C. Structuralism
D. Mimetic Criticism
Christopher Ricks would most likely DISAGREE with which of the following claims about literary theory
?
A. Literary theory is limited in its ability to interpret a text.
B. Literary theory often depends on esoteric knowledge to be properly understood.

C. Literary theory is employed mostly by academics.
D. Literary theory is the only proper way to conceptualize literary texts.
This approach provides a universalistic approach to literature and identifies a reason why certain
literature may survive the test of time. It works well with works that are highly symbolic.What
approach has this advantage ?
A. Mimetic
B. Psychological
C. Historical/Biographical
D. Mythological/Archetypal
Coleridge’s Biographia Literaria appeared in the year ?.
A. 1817
B. 1818
C. 1718
D. 1717
The Lyrical Ballads was published in____________________?
A. 178
B. 1798
C. 1815
D. 185
Which of the following is a theme of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s book Epistemology of the Closet ?
A. Understanding sexuality is crucial to understanding culture.
B. Understanding homosexuality has little effect on understanding culture.
C. Literary study is unaffected by a lack of interest in sexuality.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
‘Preface to the Lyrical Ballads’ was published in______________?
A. 1798
B. 18
C. 182
D. 1815
Aristotle said of chorus in Greek tragedy that_____________?
A. It is only lyrical songs in the play
B. It should be regarded as one of the actors
C. It should make only reports
D. It should only comment on the action
This approach can turn a work into little more than a case study, neglecting to view it as a piece of art.
Critics sometimes attempt to diagnose long dead authors based on their works, which is perhaps not
the best evidence of their psychology. Critics tend to see sex in everything, exaggerating this aspect of
literature. What approach possess this disadvantage ?
A. Moral/Philosophical
B. Psychological
C. Formalism/New Criticism
D. Historical/Biographical
“The tragic-comedy which is the product of the English theatre is one the most monstrous inventions
that ever entered into a poet’s thought.” Whose view is this ?
A. John Dryden’s
B. Alexander Pope’s
C. Joseph Addison’s

D. Dr. Johnson’s
What is Christopher Ricks’s attitude toward literary theory ?
A. He considers it to be vital in order to understand literary texts.
B. He considers theory to be the only way that literary texts can be interpreted.
C. He has no misgivings about the practical usability of literary theory.
D. He feels that literary theory is ultimately too limited in scope to serve as a proper method of
interpretation.
What is the central idea of Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics ?
A. Language is inseparable from its historical context.
B. There are five phases of linguistic development.
C. Language can be analyzed as a formal system of elements.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Arnold summarises the rule of English criticism in one word, in The Function Of Criticism. What is the
word ?
A. Disintrestedness
B. Intresedness
C. Purification
D. Civilization
Who was the most illustrious pupil of Plato ?
A. Aristotle
B. Longinus
C. Aristophanes
D. Socrates
Who remarked, “Spenser write no language.” ?
A. Pope
B. Arnold
C. Dr. Jhonson
D. Ben Jonson
Coleridge considered imagination as______________?
A. Critical faculty
B. Modifying power
C. A psychological experience
D. A product of intellect
Biographia Literaria was written by_________________?
A. Wordsworth
B. Coleridge
C. Keats
D. Charles Lamb
Trauma theory is tremendously influenced by which theoretical school ?
A. Psychoanalysis
B. Marxism
C. Feminism
D. Deconstruction
Who made a distinction between Fancy and Imagination ?
A. Wordsworth
B. Coleridge
C. Southey

D. Hazlitt
Sublimity has_______________?
A. 2 sources
B. 3 sources
C. 4 sources
D. 5 sources
On the Sublime was written in_____________?
A. 1st Century BC
B. 1st Century AD
C. 2nd Century AD
D. 3rd Century AD
Trauma theory primarily developed out of the work of which psychoanalyst ?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Carl Jung
C. Michel Foucault
D. Jacques Derrida
What is the meaning of the term Hamartia as used by Aristotle in his Theory of Tragedy ?
A. Tragic end of the tragedy
B. Working of fate against the hero
C. A weak trait in the character of the hero
D. A strong quality in the character of the hero
Whom did Aristotle consider the most tragic of the Greek dramatists ?
A. Agathon
B. Aeschylus
C. Sophocles
D. Euripides
What is the main goal of ethnic criticism ?
A. To bring attention to false Euro-centric paradigms
B. To rectify the double experiences of certain racial groups
C. To reconcile cultural identity with individual identity
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Which of the following is a rule of semiotics ?
A. All linguistic concepts evolve solely out of the responses of people within a specific historical era.
B. All linguistic and social phenomena are texts, and the object of studying these texts is to reveal the
underlying codes that make them meaningful.
C. All linguistics is in some way related to class struggle.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
What does the term meta-language mean, according to Andrzej Warminski ?
A. A language about another language
B. A supernatural language
C. A language that does not yet constitute a real language
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Which of the following statements offers the best definition of the concept of strange attractors in
chaos theory ?
A. Strange attractors are mysterious forces that are entirely random.
B. Strange attractors are complex forces that are determined by the laws of physics.
C. Strange attractors are mysterious forces that are both random and determined.

D. Strange attractors are complex forces that are entirely random
What is defamiliarization ?
A. A term that describes how literature exposes its own artificiality
B. An idea explored by Viktor Shklovsky
C. A term that describes the capacity of art to counter the effects of habit
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Who used the words “romanticism” and “romantic” first ?
A. Wordsworth
B. Coleridge
C. Carlyle
D. Schlegel
Which is a common postcolonial critique of the West ?
A. The West spends too much time trying to consider an Asian perspective.
B. The West tends to look at Asian countries as individual units rather than lump them together.
C. The West views matters through its own limited historical position.
D. The West refuses to apply economic and political coercion to Asian writers.
Which school of literary theory shows a particular interest in the role of testimony in literature ?
A. Trauma theory
B. Ecotheory
C. Chaos theory
D. Formalism
Who coined the term New Historicism ?
A. Jacques Derrida
B. Terry Eagleton
C. Fredric Jameson
D. Stephen Greenblatt
To what idea does the term heteroglossia refer ?
A. An infant’s inability to speak prior to the mirror stage
B. The referential relationships among symbols, signifiers, and signs
C. The multi-layered nature of language in a literary work
D. All of the above answers are correct
Formalist critics believe that the value of a work cannot be determined by the author’s intention.
What term do they use when speaking of this belief ?
A. The pathetic fallacy
B. The intentional fallacy
C. The affective fallacy
D. The objective correlative
Seven is an archetype associated with____________?
A. Perfection
B. Birth
C. Evil
D. Death
Horace was a friend of_______________?
A. Alexander the Great
B. Emperor Augustus
C. Julius Caesar
D. Pompey

“Poetry is emotions recollected in tranquility.” Who has defined poetry in these words ?
A. Shelley
B. Wordsworth
C. Coleridge
D. Matthew Arnold
Which of the following is a critical work of Ben Jonson ?
A. Discourse of English Poetry
B. Discoveries
C. Arte of English Poesie
D. An Apologie for Poetrie
One purpose of LITERARY CRITICISM is described below: “The historical approach, for instance, might
be helpful in addressing a problem in Thomas Otway’s play Venice Preserv’d. Why are the
conspirators, despite the horrible, bloody details of their obviously brutish plan, portrayed in a
sympathetic light? If we look at the author and his time, we see that he was a Tory whose play was
performed in the wake of the Popish Plot and the Exclusion Bill Crisis, and that there are obvious
similarities between the Conspiracy in the play and the Popish Plot in history. The Tories would never
approve of the bloody Popish Plot, but they nonetheless sympathized with the plotters for the way
they were abused by the Tory enemy, the Whigs. Thus it makes sense for Otway to condemn the
conspiracy itself in Vencie Preserv’d without condemning the conspirators themselves.” What
purpose does this prescribe to ?
A. To help resolve a question, problem, or difficulty in the readin
B. To help decide which is the better of two conflicting readings.
C. To enable to form judgments about literature.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
One purpose of LITERARY CRITICISM is described below: “The historical approach, for instance, might
be helpful in addressing a problem in Thomas Otway’s play Venice Preserv’d. Why are the
conspirators, despite the horrible, bloody details of their obviously brutish plan, portrayed in a
sympathetic light? If we look at the author and his time, we see that he was a Tory whose play was
performed in the wake of the Popish Plot and the Exclusion Bill Crisis, and that there are obvious
similarities between the Conspiracy in the play and the Popish Plot in history. The Tories would never
approve of the bloody Popish Plot, but they nonetheless sympathized with the plotters for the way
they were abused by the Tory enemy, the Whigs. Thus it makes sense for Otway to condemn the
conspiracy itself in Vencie Preserv’d without condemning the conspirators themselves.” What
purpose does this prescribe to ?
A. To help resolve a question, problem, or difficulty in the readin
B. To help decide which is the better of two conflicting readings.
C. To enable to form judgments about literature.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
One purpose of LITERARY CRITICISM is described below: A formalist approach might enable us to
choose between a reading which sees the dissolution of society in Lord of the Flies as being caused by
too strict a suppression of the “bestial” side of man and one which sees it as resulting from too little
suppression. We can look to the text and ask: What textual evidence is there for the suppression or
indulgence of the “bestial” side of man? Does Ralph suppress Jack when he tries to indulge his bestial
side in hunting? Does it appear from the text that an imposition of stricter law and order would have
prevented the breakdown? Did it work in the “grownup” world of the novel? What purpose does this
prescribe to ?

A. To help resolve a question, problem, or difficulty in the reading.
B. To help decide which is the better of two conflicting readings.
C. To enable to form judgments about literature.
D. All of the above answers are correct.