UGC NET Logical Reasoning Notes 2021: Paper 1 Reasoning Notes

 

UGC NET Logical Reasoning Notes 2021: Paper 1 Reasoning Notes

Complete Notes on Logical Reasoning For UGC NET 2021: Indian Logic UGC NET Notes PDF

Relations of Identity and Opposition

In Relations of Identity and Opposition, we will study the relations among the propositions in UGC NET Logical Reasoning Notes.

• These propositions are formed when a subject and predicate are given.

Square of Opposition: AEIO Rule of Syllogism

Now, to identify the relationships among these propositions, we will have to understand the square of the opposition chart.

This subpart is very important from the point of view of examination.

• The relations of the given four propositions-A, E, I, O amongst one another are usually depicted in the following scheme— Square of opposition.
• It is a chart that was introduced within classical logic to represent the logical relationships existing between the various propositions 

Following relations are made among the propositions listed in UGC NET Logical Reasoning Notes:

1. Contradictories
2. Contraries
3. Sub Altern
4. Sub Contraries

Let us understand in detail:

1. Contradictories:

Contradictory statements are A and O, E and I

• A and O Both cannot be true or false together means if one is false then others must be true.
• If A is true then O is false or If O is true then A is false
• Similarly, E and I cannot be true or false together means if one is false then others must be true.

2. Contraries:

Contrary statements are A and E

• Both A and E cannot be true together but can be false together.

3. Sub Altern:

Sub Altern statements are A and I, E and O

• These statements are truth Downward but False Upward
• If A is true then I am true and If I am true then A is false
• If E is true then O is true and If O is true then E is false

4. Sub Contraries:

Sub Contrary Statements are I and O.

• These statements can be claimed to be true together but cannot be false together. 

Argument

An argument is a series of statements, called the premises, intended to determine the degree of truth of another statement, the conclusion.

Types of Arguments

There are generally two types of arguments as follows:

1. Deductive Argument/Deductive Reasoning
2. Inductive Argument/ Inductive Reasoning
3. Abductive (or Hypothetico-Deductive) Argument/ Abductive Reasoning

1. Deductive Argument:

• The deductive argument starts out with a general statement and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion.
• It is considered as from general to particular.

2. Inductive Argument:

• It refers to an argument that takes specific information and makes a broader generalization that is considered probable, allowing for the fact that the conclusion may not be accurate.

3. Abductive (or Hypothetico-Deductive) Argument:

• The abductive argument is to take away a logical assumption, inference, conclusion, hypothesis, or best guess from observation or set of observations.

Analogy

An analogy is a type of reasoning in which a comparison is made between things that have similar features, Or in other words, analogy means similarity.

UGC NET Logical Reasoning Notes: Venn Diagram

A Venn diagram refers to an illustration of the relationships between and among sets or groups of objects that share something in common.

• The main objective of this section is to test your ability about the relation between some words of a group by diagrams.
• In these questions, you will be some figures of circles and some in words. You have to choose a figure which represents the given words to the maximum extent.
• Representation of some conditions (relations).

UGC NET Logical Reasoning PDF Download Notes: Syllogism

Syllogism refers to a logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions (premises) that are asserted or assumed to be true.

• Statements (Premises)
• Conclusion
• Premise: A premise consists of two parts mainly: A subject and a Predicate.

FAQs- UGC NET Logical Reasoning Notes

What is included in logical reasoning?

List of Topics under the Logical Reasoning Section – 1)Alphanumeric series. 2)Reasoning Analogies. 3)Artificial Language. 4)Blood Relations. 5)Calendars. 6)Cause and Effect. 7)Clocks. 8)Coding-Decoding.

What are the 4 types of reasoning?

There are four basic forms of logic: deductive, inductive, abductive, and metaphoric inference.

What are the 2 types of logic?

The two types of logical arguments are inductive and deductive. 

What is an example of logic?

The definition of logic is a science that studies the principles of correct reasoning. An example of logic is deducing that two truths imply the third truth.

What is logic or argument?

In logic and philosophy, an argument is a series of statements (in a natural language), called the premises or premises (both spellings are acceptable), intended to determine the degree of truth of another statement the conclusion.

What is an example of a logical argument?

Example: The argument “All cats are mammals and a tiger is a cat, so a tiger is a mammal” is a valid deductive argument. Both the premises are true. To see that the premises must logically lead to the conclusion, one approach would be to use a Venn diagram.